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Radda [10]
2 years ago
5

When a behavior is followed by negative reinforcement, the behavior is likely to

Biology
1 answer:
AnnZ [28]2 years ago
8 0
The answer is D it will increase
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The CRISPR/Cas9 system can cleave genomic DNA at sequences other than the desired target, a phenomenon referred to as off target
Deffense [45]

Answer:

The minimum length of a sgRNA sequence to avoid off target cleavage by the CRISPR/Cas system in the fly fruit genome is 14 bases

Explanation:

We are trying to use the CRISPR/Cas system to cleavage the genome of the fruit fly (which is 1.4x10^8 bp long). Also we desire the cleavage to be unique. That means we need a target sequence long enough to be able to assume it will only appear once in the genome.

First, we should think that in every position, we can find one out of four different nucleotide (A, C, T, G). So, the probability of getting a sequence of a given length "n" will be (1/4)^n (We are assuming that the probability of finding a nucleotide in the position "i", it's independent of the nucleotide we find in any other position "j").

Also, to know how many times a sequence will appear in a genome (the expected value of occurrence), we must multiply the probability of that sequence to randomly occur by the length of the genome. For our specific example, the number of occurence of a sequence of length "n" is:

nºoccurence=[(1/4)^n]*1.4*10^8

But in this case, what we want is the expected number of times the sequence will appear to be 1, and we want to obtain the length of the target sequence (n).

Given the information above, we know that:

[(1/4)^n]*1.4*10^8 =1

[(1/4)^n]=(1/1.4*10^8)=1.4*10^-8

Then, if we want to calculate n, we can use logarithms and its properties to get:

log[(1/4)^n]=log[1.4*10^-8]

n*log[(1/4)]=log[1.4*10^-8]

n=log[1.4*10^-8]/log[(1/4)] => n=13.29 approximately.

As the sequence needs to have a natural number of elements, <u>we can conclude that using a target sequence of a minimum of 14 bases with the CRISPR/Cas system in the fly fruit genome should be enough to avoid off target cleavage.</u>

3 0
3 years ago
Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, Biosphere, Geosphere. What interactions could happen between them?
In-s [12.5K]

Answer:

Explanation:

Water in the lake (hydrosphere) seeps into the cliff walls behind the dam, becoming groundwater (lithosphere), or evaporating into the air (atmosphere). Humans (biosphere) harness energy from the water (hydrosphere) by having it spin turbines (lithosphere) to produce electricity.

3 0
3 years ago
Roughly how many more atp’s can be produced via the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose compared to that produced by glycolysi
Lubov Fominskaja [6]

Roughly 15 times more ATP can be produced via the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose compared to that produced by glycolysis alone.

<h3>What is Glycolysis?</h3>
  • The metabolic process known as glycolysis turns the sugar glucose (C6H12O6) into pyruvate (CH3COCO2H). The high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide are created using the free energy released during this process (NADH).
  • A series of ten enzyme-catalyzed processes make up glycolysis. the binding energy of carbs is captured. One metabolic route that doesn't require oxygen is glycolysis (In anaerobic conditions pyruvate is converted to lactic acid).
  • Glycolysis occurs frequently in various species, which suggests that it is an old metabolic route.
  • In fact, the events that makeup glycolysis and its companion process, the pentose phosphate pathway, take place in the oxygen-free environment of the Archean oceans, likewise in the absence of enzymes, and are catalyzed by metal.

To know more about Glycolysis with the given

brainly.com/question/14076989

#SPJ4

8 0
1 year ago
Both nitrogen and carbon are building blocks for life because they are needed in ____?
meriva
D) All of the above
That's why we're called Carbon-Based Lifeforms
8 0
2 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Aldosterone ________. A) is secreted by the posterior pituitary B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption C) presence increas
Vesnalui [34]

Answer:

Option B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption.

Explanation:

Aldosterone is an hormone secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland. The adrenal gland is situated at the superior poles of the right and left kidneys.

Aldosterone regulates sodium homeostasis and as such helps to control blood volume and blood pressure.

Aldosterone is secreted in response to decreased blood pressure (hypotension) to increase sodium reabsorption from urine, sweat, and the gut. Also excessive aldosterone levels (too high sodium) can lead to high blood pressure (hypertension).

5 0
3 years ago
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