Question

For each of the following premises, fill out the rest of the argument to make it valid in two different ways—modus ponens and modus tollens.a. If some wars are just, then pacifism is false.b. If God is in his heaven, then all is right with the world.c. If Lino is telling the truth, he will admit to all charges.

Answer 1

Explanation:

a).

Modus ponens: Some wars are just. So, pacifism must be false.

Modus tollens: Pacifism is always false. Thus, some wars are just.

b).

Modus ponens: God is in his heaven. Hence, all is right with the world.

Modus tollens: All is right across the world. So, God must be in his heaven.

c).

Modus ponens: Lino has admitted to all the charges. Hence, he must be telling the truth.

Modus tollens: Lino tells the truth. So, he must have admitted to his charges.