The Hamburg Massacre (or Red Shirt Massacre or Hamburg riot) was a key event in the African American town of Hamburg, South Carolina in July 1876, leading up to the last election season of the Reconstruction Era. It was the first of a series of civil disturbances planned and carried out by white Democrats in the majority-black Republican Edgefield District, with the goal of suppressing black voting, disrupting Republican meetings, and suppressing black Americans civil rights, through actual and threatened violence.[1]
Beginning with a dispute over free passage on a public road, the massacre was rooted in racial hatred and political motives. A court hearing attracted armed white "rifle clubs," colloquially called the "Red Shirts". Desiring to regain control of state governments and eradicate the civil rights of black Americans, over 100 white men attacked about 30 black servicemen of the National Guard at the armory, killing two as they tried to leave that night. Later that night, the Red Shirts tortured and murdered four of the militia while holding them as prisoners, and wounded several others. In total, the events in Hamburg resulted in the death of one white man and six black men with several more blacks being wounded. Although 94 white men were indicted for murder by a coroner's jury, none were prosecuted.
The events were a catalyst in the overarching violence in the volatile 1876 election campaign. There were other episodes of violence in the months before the election, including an estimated 100 blacks killed during several days in Ellenton, South Carolina, also in Aiken County. The Southern Democrats succeeded in "redeeming" the state government and electing Wade Hampton III as governor. During the remainder of the century, they passed laws to establish single-party white rule, impose legal segregation and "Jim Crow," and disenfranchise blacks with a new state constitution adopted in 1895. This exclusion of blacks from the political system was effectively maintained into the late 1960s.
A car is the type of transportation that is not mass transportation. It means that you cannot drive many people in a car, whereas a bus, a streetcar, and a train can accommodate many people.
A. Major Ethnic Groups of North Africa
Question options:
A. Carmen is now afraid of her mother.
B. Carmen now understands that stealing is morally wrong.
C. Carmen sees that her mother's reaction is negative, and through parental introjection, Carmen incorporates the idea that stealing is bad into her value system so that she will not lose the love from her mother.
D. Carmen's Electra Complex will drive her avoidance of stealing in the future.
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Answer:
C. Carmen sees that her mother's reaction is negative, and through parental introjection, Carmen incorporates the idea that stealing is bad into her value system so that she will not lose the love from her mother
Explanation:
Introjection in Freudian theory refers to one's internalization of authority. According to the Freudian theory by Sigmund Freud, a person internalises the ideas and values of another person and it becomes part of his Super ego. In the example, the girl internalises the authority of his parents and learns that stealing is bad and so adopts that as part of her moral values. Introjectiom does not involve much thoughts and is just usually adopted more unconsciously as in a child would adopts the views and values of her parents.
Answer:
Unequal educational outcomes are attributed to several variables, including family of origin, gender, and social class. Achievement, earnings, health status, and political participation also contribute to educational inequality within the United States and other countries.
