Answer: 
Explanation:
We know that force acting on an object due to Earth's gravity on the surface is given by:

where g is the acceleration due to gravity, r would be radius of Earth, M is the mass of Earth and G is the gravitational constant.
It is given that at pole, g = 9.830 m/s² and r = 6371 km = 6371 × 10³ m



Hence, Earth's mass is 
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Maybe your question is meant to be: which is not a wedge, because wedge is a combination of two inclined planes, use to separate bodies which are held together by large forces. Option A,B & C are all wedge except D.
Answer:
D. Half as great
Explanation:
Since we know that the friction force between the surface of crate and ground is given as

so here we know that
= friction coefficient between two surfaces which depends on the effective contact area between two surfaces
= normal force due to the object
So when we turn the object on another side such that the surface area is half then the friction coefficient will become also half
So here the friction force will also reduce to half
so correct answer will be
D. Half as great