Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.[1][2][3]
The discoverer of genetics is Gregor Mendel, a late 19th-century scientist and Augustinian friar. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene.
Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance), and within the context of a population. Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, including epigenetics and population genetics. Organisms studied within the broad field span the domains of life (archaea, bacteria, and eukarya).
Genetic processes work in combination with an organism's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior, often referred to as nature versus nurture. The intracellular or extracellular environment of a cell or organism may switch gene transcription on or off. A classic example is two seeds of genetically identical corn, one placed in a temperate climate and one in an arid climate. While the average height of the two corn stalks may be genetically determined to be equal, the one in the arid climate only grows to half the height of the one in the temperate climate due to lack of water and nutrients in its environment.
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The statements that are true of heterogeneous mixtures are: they settle out and the proportions of solute to solvent may vary. The correct answer is option A. 1 and 2. Heterogeneous mixtures are considered mixtures wherein the components are not uniform and still retain their properties. Characteristics of heterogeneous mixtures are: the ratio of solute and solvent is not equal, the substances can be separated physically and they still retain their properties even if mixed with another substance.
Answer:
(B) Energy released from the chemical reaction is used to directly phosphorylate ADP.
(D) Energy released from the chemical reaction is used to directly reduce NAD+
Explanation:
phosphorylation is a addition of phosphoryl group to an organic compound.Substrate level phosphorylation is a process where there is ATP is produced from ADP by transferring a high energy phosphate group from phosphorylated metabolic compound.This process occurs in glycolysis and citric acid cycle.and this pathway is exergonic pathway
