Highest ionization energy to lowest: N, P, As, Sb.
Chiral Carbons are those carbons which are attached to four different atoms or groups. Below are the four structure, Among these structures,
Structure C has no chiral carbon because the carbon to which methyl group and hydrogen atom attached is further attached to groups of same environment.
Structure A has
one chiral center (highlighted RED).
Structure B has
three chiral centers.
Structure D has
two chiral centers.
Below are the structures,
Chemical bonds are bonds that stay securely in place. Without those types of things, we would never know as many elements as we do today.
The best way to prevent the corrosion of iron is to paint the exposed iron with protective paint, because that prevents water from rusting the iron.