From the bold part below:
"... Whether you spend your day watching TV or whether you use that time to pick up your books and finish your homework ..."
It seems she is addressing children.
Answer: Children
A Nation state is a governing organization which comprises of a number of people, responsible for possessing their own government by occupying a bounded territory and maintaining a national identity.
The nation state system came over when movements like protestant reformation were breaking the back of the Church's power.
At first, this movement aimed to reform the beliefs and practices that were imposed by the Roman Catholic church but soon challenged the absolute power and authority of the pope, which later resulted in the rise of nation-states.
New ideas- even if the research is medical, the real reason focuses on the introduction of new ideas.
Pareto efficiency or Pareto optimality is a state of allocation of resources from which it is impossible to reallocate so as to make any one individual or preference criterion better off without making at least one individual or preference criterion worse off.
