The object's speed will not change.
In fact, after the astronaut throws the object, no additional forces will act on it (since the object is in free space). According to Newton's second law:

where the first term is the resultant of the forces acting on the body, m is the mass of the object and a its acceleration, we see that if no forces act on the object, then the acceleration is zero. Therefore, the acceleration of the object is zero, and its velocity remains constant.
repeated mesurement can reduce the error
it is true
if you take any mesurement repeatedly and the average is taken, the error will be less
We don't know how many of ANY color are in the bag right now, so there's no way to calculate an answer.
What Tom has to do is make sure that the number of marbles that are NOT blue is NINE TIMES the number of blue ones in the bag.
Answer: They orbit the galactic center with many different inclinations, while disk stars all orbit in nearly the same plane. ... They have vertical motions out of the plane, making them appear to bob up and down, but they never get "too far" from the disk.
Explanation: