Answer:
(a) Microfilaments
(b) Microtubules
(c) Microtubules
(d) Microfilaments
(e) Intermediate filaments
(f) Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
(g) Microfilaments, microtubules
(h) Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
(i) Microtubules, microfilaments
(j) Microtubules
Explanation:
Microtubules (MTs) are dimers of the protein tubulin (alpha- and beta-tubulin subunits) and they are major components of the cytoskeleton. MTs play diverse cellular roles including, mechanical support (cytoskeleton), transport, motility, chromosome segregation, etc. Microfilaments (MFs) are protein filaments that also form part of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells. MFs consist of G-actin monomers assembled in linear actin polymers, and their functions include mechanical support, cytokinesis, changes in cell shape, amoeboid movement, endocytosis and exocytosis, etc. MFs associate with the protein myosin to generate muscle contractions. Actin filaments/MTs assembly from monomeric actin/tubulin is caused due to energy expenditure, where ATP/GTP bound to actin/tubulin is hydrolyzed during polymerization. Finally, intermediate filaments (IFs) are a type of cytoskeletal element composed of a heterogeneous group of structural elements, and they are not found in all eukaryotes. The primary function of the IFs is to contribute to the mechanical support for the plasma membrane where these filaments come into contact with other cells and/or with the extracellular matrix. The IFs are not directly involved in cell movement. All 3 types of cytoskeletal elements (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules) can be visualized by fluorescence microscopy when cells express chimeric MT/IF/MF.–GFP fusion proteins.
Answer:
d. The cell begins to elongate and the two poles have an equivalent collection of chromosomes.
Explanation:
The cell cycle is a fundamental cellular process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. In somatic cells, this cycle can be divided into two major phases: interphase, where the cell prepares for its division, and mitosis or 'M phase'. The M phase can in turn be divided into four stages: 1-prophase (also divided into early prophase and prometaphase), 2-metaphase, 3-anaphase, and 4-telophase. During prophase, chromatin condenses, thereby forming visible chromosomes. Subsequently, during metaphase, the sister chromatids (i.e., the two identical halves of a single replicated chromosome) align along the middle of the cell at the metaphase plate by attaching their centromeres to the spindle fibers. Next, during anaphase, sister chromatids are separated and move to opposite poles of the cell, pulled by the mitotic spindle fibers. At the end of anaphase, the microtubules of the mitotic spindle pull the two sister chromatids toward opposite poles, thereby the cell gets begins to lengthen. Finally, during the telophase, daughter chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and uncoil, while daughter nuclei begin to form at the two poles and nuclear envelopes are formed.
Answer:
Carbon starts as coal or oil in the earth, then is brought up by mining or drilling. When brought up, it is used up and the gases go into the atmosphere. Trees, soil and water act as carbon sinks, which suck up all the carbon from the air and contain it. When carbon is absorbed by the soil, it goes back into the ground.
Explanation:
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Answer:
b. A transferase deficiency will result in an accumulation of the toxic metabolite galactosse 1-phosphate.
c. A galactokinase deficiency will cause an accumulation of galactose.
Explanation:
Transferase is an enzyme which is responsible for the breakdown of galactose which is a known milk sugar. Its deficiency causes the formation of toxic materials such as galactose-1-phosphate which comes from galactose, and galactitol. Galactokinase is also an enzyme which helps in the conversion of galactose into galactose 1-phosphate with the expenditure of ATP molecule, so its deficiency causes the deposition of galactose.
