The beneficial uses of bacterial toxins in medicine are more and more used lately. For example, Botulinum toxin is a toxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum which has paralytic effects (injection of this toxin into muscle relax specific muscles). Botulinum toxin accomplishes his effects on the neuromuscular junction where he prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach). Utilization of this toxin is in the treatment of various muscle spasms. It is also used in the treatment of migraines. Diphtheria toxin is also one of the toxins used for medical purposes for the treatment of cutaneous and non-Hodgkin T-cell lymphomas. <span>Some bacterial toxins can be used in the treatment of tumours. For example, immunotoxin, which is protein made by fusion of modified antibody and toxin.The antibody binds to an antigen on the target cell, the toxin then enters via endocytosis and kills the cell. Commonly used bacterial toxins in immunotoxins are Diphtheria toxin and the Pseudomonas exotoxin.</span>
Answer:
temporal reproductive isolation
Explanation:
The correct answer would be temporal reproductive isolation.
<u>Reproductive isolation</u> generally refers to series of biological mechanisms or processes that prevent members of different species from mating/fertilization or prevent the product of their mating to be invalid.
Some reproductive isolation processes prevent members of different species from mating or prevent fertilization as a result of mating. These processes are known as pre-zygotic reproductive isolation mechanisms.
Some other processes ensure that the product of fertilization (when it occurs) is invalid. These are known as post-zygotic isolation mechanisms.
<em>A good example of the pre-zygotic reproductive isolation process is </em><em>when closely related by different species bloom at different times</em><em>. This will prevent mating or cross-pollination to happen between the different species. This is known as temporal reproductive isolation.</em>
7. b and 8. c i attached the photo for u to see how i did it