Answer:
How many electrons does an atom require to have a stable configuration?
eight electrons
In general, atoms are most stable, least reactive, when their outermost electron shell is full. Most of the elements important in biology need eight electrons in their outermost shell in order to be stable, and this rule of thumb is known as the octet rule.
How is this achieved in an ionic bond?
Ionic bonds are a class of chemical bonds that result from the exchange of one or more valence electrons from one atom, typically a metal, to another, typically a nonmetal. This electron exchange results in an electrostatic attraction between the two atoms called an ionic bond.
Covalent bonding occurs when pairs of electrons are shared by atoms. Atoms will covalently bond with other atoms in order to gain more stability, which is gained by forming a full electron shell. By sharing their outermost (valence) electrons, atoms can fill up their outer electron shell and gain stability.
Explanation:
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The biosphere contains all the planet's living things. This sphere includes all of the microorganisms, plants, and animals of Earth. Within the biosphere, living things form ecological communities based on the physical surroundings of an area. These communities are referred to as biomes. Deserts, grasslands, and tropical rainforests are three of the many types of biomes that exist within the biosphere.
The atmosphere contains all the air in Earth's system. It extends from less than 1 m below the planet's surface to more than 10,000 km above the planet's surface. The upper portion of the atmosphere protects the organisms of the biosphere from the sun's ultraviolet radiation. It also absorbs and emits heat. When air temperature in the lower portion of this sphere changes, weather occurs. As air in the lower atmosphere is heated or cooled, it moves around the planet. The result can be as simple as a breeze or as complex as a tornado.
Because the car has more mass than the wheel spinning backwards
Answer:
H₀ = 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁸ s⁻¹
Explanation:
The Hubble's Constant can be found by the following formula:
where,
H₀ = Hubble's Constant = ?
v = speed of galaxy = 30000 km/s = 3 x 10⁷ m/s
D = Distacance = 600 Mpc = (6 x 10⁸ pc)(3.086 x 10¹⁶ m/1 pc)
D = 18.52 x 10²⁴ m
Therefore,
<u>H₀ = 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁸ s⁻¹</u>
