Question

Mathematical induction, prove the following two statements are true

Answer 1

Prove:
$1+2\left(\frac12\right)+3\left(\frac12\right)^{2}+...+n\left(\frac12\right)^{n-1}=4-\dfrac{n+2}{2^{n-1}}$
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Base Step: For n=1:
$n\left(\frac12\right)^{n-1}=1\left(\frac12\right)^{0}=1$
and
$4-\dfrac{n+2}{2^{n-1}}=4-3=1$
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Induction Hypothesis: Assume true for n=k. Meaning:
$1+2\left(\frac12\right)+3\left(\frac12\right)^{2}+...+k\left(\frac12\right)^{k-1}=4-\dfrac{k+2}{2^{k-1}}$
assumed to be true.

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Induction Step: For n=k+1:
$1+2\left(\frac12\right)+3\left(\frac12\right)^{2}+...+k\left(\frac12\right)^{k-1}+(k+1)\left(\frac12\right)^{k}$

by our Induction Hypothesis, we can replace every term in this summation (except the last term) with the right hand side of our assumption.
$=4-\dfrac{k+2}{2^{k-1}}+(k+1)\left(\frac12\right)^{k}$

From here, think about what you are trying to end up with.
For n=k+1, we WANT the formula to look like this:
$1+2\left(\frac12\right)+...+k\left(\frac12\right)^{k-1}+(k+1)\left(\frac12\right)^{k}=4-\dfrac{(k+1)+2}{2^{(k+1)-1}}$

That thing on the right hand side is what we're trying to end up with. So we need to do some clever Algebra.

Combine the (k+1) and 1/2, put the 2 in the bottom,
$=4-\dfrac{k+2}{2^{k-1}}+\dfrac{(k+1)}{2^{k}}$

We want to end up with a 2^k as our final denominator, so our middle term is missing a power of 2. Let's multiply top and bottom by 2,
$=4+\dfrac{-2(k+2)}{2^{k}}+\dfrac{(k+1)}{2^{k}}$

Distribute the -2 and combine the fractions together,
$=4+\dfrac{-2k-4+(k+1)}{2^{k}}$

Combine like-terms,
$=4+\dfrac{-k-3}{2^{k}}$

pull the negative back out,
$=4-\dfrac{k+3}{2^{k}}$

And ta-da! We've done it!
We can break apart the +3 into +1 and +2,
and the +0 in the bottom can be written as -1 and +1,
$=4-\dfrac{(k+1)+2}{2^{(k-1)+1}}$