Answer: 0.69 m/ mile.
Explanation:
The altitude gradient between two cities X and Y = 
Given: Two cities are separated by 200 miles.
City X has an altitude of 122 meters.
City Y has an altitude of 260 meters.
The altitude gradient between two cities X and Y =

Hence, the altitude gradient between the two cites = 0.69 m/ mile.
The development of adaptive traits is a result of natural selection, one of the main mechanisms underlying evolutionary change.
Understanding natural selection is also becoming more and more important in real-world settings, such as resource management, agriculture, and medicine. Even among people with postsecondary physical education, studies show that natural selection is generally very poorly understood.
learn more about natural selection here:
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Answer:
the cytoplasm is negative and extracellular fluid is positive because of the unequal distribuation of anions and cations on both sides.
Explanation:
Answer: a. True
Explanation:
The main aim of the IRB is to safeguard the right of the human subjects used for the purpose of research conducted by the governmental authority. It also emphasizes over the protection of the researchers from illegal complaints. The risks to the human subjects can be minimized by using procedures which cause no harm to them and a detail consent of the research practice should be taken from these subjects by informing the purpose of research.