So option B (hybrids have lower fitness than either parent population) is the correct answer.
What is Reinforcement?
Reinforcement is a consequence used in behavioral psychology to strengthen an organism's future behavior when that activity is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus. This strengthening impact can be quantified as a higher frequency of behavior, a longer duration of behavior, a greater volume of behavior, or a shorter latency.
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Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, which allows for oxidative phosphorylation. Without oxygen, the electrons will be backed up, eventually causing the electron transport chain to halt.
Answer:
It is a typical Hfr mating, as trp gene is very closed to F plasmid, the Hfr bacteria donates its trp gene along with F plasmid and then process is disturbed.
Explanation:
