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Katarina [22]
3 years ago
10

Biacetyl, the flavoring that makes margarine taste "just like butter," is extremely stable at room temperature, but at 200°C it

undergoes a first-order breakdown with a half-life of 9.0 min. An industrial flavor-enhancing process requires that a butter-flavored food be heated briefly at 200°C. How long can the food be heated at this temperature and retain 74% of its buttery flavor?
Chemistry
1 answer:
Sholpan [36]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

3.91 minutes

Explanation:

Given that:

Biacetyl breakdown with a half life of 9.0 min after undergoing first-order reaction;

As we known that the half-life for first order is:

t__{1/2}}= \frac{0.693}{k}

where;

k = constant

The formula can be re-written as:

k = \frac{0.693}{t__{1/2}}

k = \frac{0.693}{9.0 min}

k = 0.077 min^{-1}

Let the initial amount of butter flavor in the food be (N_0) = 100%

Also, the amount of butter flavor retained at 200°C (N_t)= 74%

The rate constant k = 0.077 min^{-1}

To determine how long can the food be heated at this temperature and retain 74% of its buttery flavor; we use the formula:

\frac{N_t}{N_0}= -kt

t = - (\frac{1}{k}*In\frac{N_t}{N_0}  )

Substituting our values; we have:

t = - (\frac{1}{0.077}*In\frac{74}{100}  )

t = 3.91 minutes

∵ The time needed for the food to be heated at this temperature and retain 74% of its buttery flavor is 3.91 minutes

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timofeeve [1]

Answer:

\boxed {\boxed {\sf 0.80 \ mol\ F}}

Explanation:

We are asked to find how many moles are in 4.8 × 10²³ fluorine atoms. We convert atoms to moles using Avogadro's Number or 6.022 × 10²³. This is the number of particles (atoms, molecules, formula units, etc.) in 1 mole of a substance. In this case, the particles are atoms of fluorine.

We will convert using dimensional analysis and set up a ratio using Avogadro's Number.

\frac {6.022 \times 10^{23} \ atoms \ F}{ 1 \ mol \ F}

We are converting 4.8 × 10²³ fluorine atoms to moles, so we multiply the ratio by this number.

4.8 \times 10^{23} \ atoms \ F *\frac {6.022 \times 10^{23} \ atoms \ F}{ 1 \ mol \ F}

Flip the ratio so the units of atoms of fluorine cancel each other out.

4.8 \times 10^{23} \ atoms \ F *\frac { 1 \ mol \ F}{6.022 \times 10^{23} \ atoms \ F}

4.8 \times 10^{23}  *\frac { 1 \ mol \ F}{6.022 \times 10^{23} }

Condense into 1 fraction.

\frac { 4.8 \times 10^{23} }{6.022 \times 10^{23} } \ mol \ F

Divide.

0.7970773829 \ mol \ F

The original measurement of atoms has 2 significant figures, so our answer must have the same. For the number we found, that is the hundredths place. The 7 in the thousandths tells us to round the 9 in the hundredths place up to a 0. Then, we also have to round the 7 in the tenths place up to an 8.

0.80 \ mol \ F

4.8 × 10²³ fluorine atoms are equal to <u>0.80 moles of fluorine.</u>

6 0
3 years ago
A ground state hydrogen atom absorbs a photon of light having a wavelength of 92.05 nm. It then gives off a photon having a wave
vodka [1.7K]
Absorbed photon energy
Ea = hc/λ.. (Planck's equation)
Ea = hc / 92.05^-9m 

<span>Energy emitted
Ee = hc/ 1736^-9m </span>

Energy retained ..
∆E = Ea - Ee = hc(1/92.05<span>^-9 - 1/1736^-9) </span>
<span>∆E = (6.625^-34)(3.0^8) (1.028^7)
∆E = 2.04^-18 J </span>

<span>Converting J to eV (1.60^-19 J/eV)
 ∆E = 2.04^-18 / 1.60^-19
∆E = 12.70 eV </span>

<span>Ground state (n=1) energy for Hydrogen = - 13.60eV </span>

<span>New energy state = (-13.60 + 12.70)eV = -0.85 eV </span>

<span>Energy states for Hydrogen
En = - (13.60 / n²) </span>

n² = -13.60 / -0.85 = 16
n = 4
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D all are 1 because the left side equals the right
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1.25000 multiply by 10^5
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