Answer:
There are different ethical issues in conducting research.
One is informed consent; which means all participants of research should voluntarily agree to participate in research.
Another issue is anonymity or confidentiality. Anonymity means participant’s identity should remain anonymous and their personal information should not be disclosed.
Neutrality in research means that the results of research should be free of bias and separated from the researcher’s personal beliefs, perspectives, and position. Neutrality can be achieved through triangulation of data (using multiple data collection instrument).
if an independent-measures study uses n = 15 participants in each group to compare two treatment conditions. then 28 is the df value for the t statistic for this study.
The t-statistic, which is used in statistics, measures how far a parameter's estimated value deviates from its hypothesised value relative to its standard error. Through the Student's t-test, it is utilised in hypothesis testing. In a t-test, the t-statistic is used to decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis. The t-statistic is used when the sample size is small or the population standard deviation is unknown. It is quite similar to the z-score in other respects. Once the standard deviation is unknown, the t-statistic is in use, for one, to approximate the population mean from a sampling distribution of sample statistics.
Learn more about the t statistic here:
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Answer:
neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
Explanation:
In Pavlov's classical conditioning, <em>before conditioning takes place, a neutral stimulus does not really elicit a response other than serving to secure attention</em>. The metronome, before conditioning, does not elicit salivation in dogs ordinary, except for focusing of attention. Food naturally elicits salivation in dog, and is referred to as an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioning takes place when the ticking metronome is paired with an unconditioned stimulus such as food, in order to produce the same response of salivation that food produces. After conditioning, the presentation of the ticking metronome will elicit salivation. <em>After conditioning, we refer to the ticking metronome as a conditioned stimulus</em>.
The ticking metronome is the neutral stimulus before conditioning, and the conditioned stimulus after conditioning.
Hello!
The prosecutor files a case against the defendant.
The prosecutor is required to present the case and certain evidence against the defendant. The defendant is the person accused of the crime, and he defends himself with an attorney and strong counter arguments.
I hope this helps you!
