I believe the answer to this question
Answer: straw polls
Explanation:
A straw poll an unofficial vote that shows how the public thinks about a specific subject or their vote intentions in an election.
Literary Digest took a presidential election straw poll for years, and for years it accurately predicted the winner. It was only in 1936 that the poll predicted, mistakenly, the Republican candidate as the winner, and Literary Digest lost its credibility.
Answer: Judgement
Explanation:
Research or scholarship misconduct is defined as occurrence of error because of fabrication, alteration, plagiarism, forgery etc.It can take place while, performing research, recording the observation of research, reviewing or any other step.
Honest errors are not the part of research misconduct because they are expected to happen by any researching member by mistake. It is not included in research misconduct while making any judgement or explanation.
Surely the answer is number 4