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Fittoniya [83]
2 years ago
10

In cats, some are black, some are orange, and some are calico (fur that is both black and orange.) All calico cats are always fe

male. This trait represents two inheritance patterns. List which two and explain how you know.
Biology
1 answer:
Snezhnost [94]2 years ago
3 0

Answer:

<u>Codominance.</u> This is shown by the calico cats, who have both black and orange phenotypic expression; the black and orange are not mixed like incomplete dominance, and one is not entirely dominant over the other. (A common example is the roan cow, whose fur is a bit red, a bit white.)

<u>Sex-linked inheritance.</u> Since calico cats are said to always be female (which actually isn't entirely accurate, by the way) this means that the coat color is sex-linked. It's found on the X chromosome, so a female cat can have one X black and one X orange chromosome. This is only possible in males when they are nondisjunct and inherit two Xs along with their Y... but that's a completely different story. :)

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Compare and contrast. what three elements do all macromolecules share? explain how the chemical properties of lipids, nucleic ac
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All macromolecules have carbon atom and the hydrogen atom.

<h3>What are macromolecules?</h3>

The term macromolecules refers to the molecules that are composed of smaller units. These smaller units are called monomers. The macromolecules that we are concerned with here are the macromolecules that could be found in the human body.

The biological macromolecules are often very large as we can see. This is because the number of units that are joined to form the macromolecules are usually very much. There are thousands of monomer molecules that are joined together to give proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and the nucleic acid macromolecules.

All the macromolecules have the carbon atom and the hydrogen atom. These are found across all the macromolecules. The carbohydrates are reducing sugars thus they contain the carbonyl bond. The carbonyl group is absent in lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, and amino hence they do not undergo carbonyl reduction reactions.

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1 year ago
Explain the role of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins in the cell membrane.
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Lipids provide structure - allow the selective diffusion. Proteins provide structure - involved transport - involved in cell adhesion. Carbohydrates are involved in cell recognition - receptor complexes.

<h3>What is the function of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins in the cell membrane?</h3>

The cell membrane is composed of a lipidic bilayer, cholesterol, proteins, and glucans incrusted in between.

⇒ Lipids

  • Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules.

  • They have hydrophilic heads facing the exterior and the interior of the cells and hydrophobic tails that arrange against each other in the interlayer space.

  • Lipids can easily change places with other lipids by lateral diffusion  and transversal diffusion.

  • Their function is to provide structure to the membrane and allow the diffusion of some selected small molecules.

⇒ Cholesterol

These lipidic molecules play a significant role in membrane formation and structure. They are embedded in the membrane in between phospholipidic tails.

⇒ Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are significant energy store molecules.

Carbohydrates get attached to lipids and proteins on the outer side of the membrane (glycolipids and glycoproteins).

Complexes protein-carbohydrate are used to identify and differentiate the cell and work as receptors.

Carbohydrates are also involved in cell adhesion.

⇒ Proteins

  • Among the proteins, we can find integral proteins and peripheric proteins.

Integral proteins are permanently associated with the membrane. They accomplish many different functions such as substances transport, cellular receptors, and cellular adhesion, among others.

According to how they are incrusted in the lipidic bilayer, integral proteins might be,

→ Transmembrane proteins ⇒ they cross the two lipid layers of the cell membrane.                       

→ Monotypic integral proteins ⇒ they can be found tied to one of the lipidic layers.

Integral proteins provide structure to the plasmatic membrane.

Periferic proteins are in the internal or external surface but not incrusted in the membrane.

In conlusion,

  • Phospholipids are the basic elements of the cell membrane. They are arranged in two layers, and thanks to their motion properties, they allow passive transport (diffusion) of some substances.

  • Proteins provide structure, are involved in facilitated and active transport, and are involved in cell adhesion.

  • Carbohydrates are involved in cell recognition and in receptor complexes.

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