Answer:
B. they are pumped by proteins that require ATP hydrolysis and when the electrical charge gradient repulses or attracts them
Explanation:
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Ions move in the direction opposite to that favored by the chemical concentration gradient when they are pumped by proteins that require ATP hydrolysis and when the electrical charge gradient repulses or attracts them because active pumping moves ions against their chemical concentration gradients and the Nernst equation describes how membrane potentials can yield electrical gradients to motivate ion movement.
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Answer:
I agree
Explanation:
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