Answer:
b. coercive power
Explanation:
The correct option is - b. coercive power
Reason -
Traffic Followers, a group that promotes road safety, has a strict code of penalizing members who violate traffic rules. In some cases, nonconformity can result in expulsion from the group. The given scenario is an example of a group exercising coercive power over its members.
Vroom assumes that behavior results from conscious choices between alternatives. It uses the Expectation, Instrumentation, and Valence variables to explain this:
The expectation is the belief that increased effort will lead to increased performance, if I work harder then it will be better. It is the belief that one's effort will result in achieving desired performance goals.
Instrumentality is the belief that a person will receive a reward if the performance expectation is met. That is, if I do a good job, there is something in it for me. This reward may come in the form of a pay raise, promotion, recognition or sense of accomplishment. Instrumentality is low when the reward is the same whatever the performance.
Valencia is the importance an individual attaches to rewards. Individual desires or goals can be classified by their importance (valence), representing how much that desire may or may not influence motivation according to its importance to the person. For example, if someone is primarily motivated by money, they may not value free time offers.
Explanation:
Chief Joseph was a Nez Perce chief who, faced with settlement by whites of tribal lands in Oregon, led his followers in a dramatic effort to escape to Canada.
<span>This
is also known as out-of-pocket expenses. It
is the direct disbursement that can later be compensated. This usually happens when an employee has to
spend for an activity that is directly related to the operation of the business
to which he or she is employed with. It
could be for traveling or lunch meetings, etc.</span>
The number of enslaved workers from Africa increase in the South beacuse they were needed to grow labor intensive crops
