Cartography: is a method of designing, creating and studying geographic locations on flat surfaces like maps. This scientific method dates to some thousands of years ago. It dates to pre-historic times as far back as 2300 BCE when the Babylonians represented locations in clay tablets.
Navigational compass: is thought to have originated in the Han Dynasty in China between the 2nd century BC and the 1st century AD. Then it was used for fortune-telling and was called the "South Pointing Fish." It was adapted as a navigational compass in the Song Dynasty in the 11th century.
Photography: This originated in the 19th century precisely the late 1830's when Nicéphore Niépce captured the pewter plate exposed t light and coated with bitumen. In the later part of the century, geographers began adapting it to their work.
Internet: the inventions of computers in the 1950's came along with the internet that has been a useful resource for geographers.
