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3 years ago

Four ninths plus nine eighteenths :]

Mathematics

1 answer:

goldenfox [79]3 years ago

8 0

Answer: 17/18

In words, this is seventeen eighteenths

==========================================

Work Shown:

4/9 + 9/18

8/18 + 9/18 ... see note below

(8+9)/18

17/18

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note: To go from 4/9 to 8/18, we multiply top and bottom by 2. So that's why 4/9 = 8/18.

The diagram below shows a visual representation of why 4/9 = 8/18.

In the top row, I've drawn out 9 rectangles of the same size. Then I've shaded 4 of the 9 rectangles to represent the fraction 4/9. In the bottom row, I've cut each of those 9 rectangles into two smaller equal pieces, so we have 9*2 = 18 rectangles now. Note how the shaded regions are the same size, so this shows 4 green regions doubles to 2*4 = 8 yellow regions; therefore 4/9 is the same as 8/18.

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(a) This follows from the definition for the partial derivative, with the help of some limit properties and a well-known limit.

• Recall that for $f:\mathbb R^2\to\mathbb R$ , we have the partial derivative with respect to $x$ defined as

$\displaystyle \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} = \lim_{h\to0}\frac{f(x+h,y) - f(x,y)}h$

The derivative at (0, 0) is then

$\displaystyle \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(0,0) = \lim_{h\to0}\frac{f(0+h,0) - f(0,0)}h$

• By definition of $f$ , $f(0,0)=0$ , so

$\displaystyle \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(0,0) = \lim_{h\to0}\frac{f(h,0)}h = \lim_{h\to0}\frac{\tan^2(g(h,0))}{h\cdot g(h,0)}$

• Expanding the tangent in terms of sine and cosine gives

$\displaystyle \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(0,0) = \lim_{h\to0}\frac{\sin^2(g(h,0))}{h\cdot g(h,0) \cdot \cos^2(g(h,0))}$

• Introduce a factor of $g(h,0)$ in the numerator, then distribute the limit over the resulting product as

$\displaystyle \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(0,0) = \lim_{h\to0}\frac{\sin^2(g(h,0))}{g(h,0)^2} \cdot \lim_{h\to0}\frac1{\cos^2(g(h,0))} \cdot \lim_{h\to0}\frac{g(h,0)}h$

• The first limit is 1; recall that for $a\neq0$ , we have

$\displaystyle\lim_{x\to0}\frac{\sin(ax)}{ax}=1$

The second limit is also 1, which should be obvious.

• In the remaining limit, we end up with

$\displaystyle \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(0,0) = \lim_{h\to0}\frac{g(h,0)}h = \lim_{h\to0}\frac{g(h,0)-g(0,0)}h$

and this is exactly the partial derivative of $g$ with respect to $x$ .

$\displaystyle \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(0,0) = \lim_{h\to0}\frac{g(h,0)-g(0,0)}h = \frac{\partial g}{\partial x}(0,0)$

For the same reasons shown above,

$\displaystyle \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}(0,0) = \frac{\partial g}{\partial y}(0,0)$

(b) To show that $f$ is differentiable at (0, 0), we first need to show that $f$ is continuous.

• By definition of continuity, we need to show that

$\left|f(x,y)-f(0,0)\right|$

is very small, and that as we move the point $(x,y)$ closer to the origin, $f(x,y)$ converges to $f(0,0)$ .

We have

$\left|f(x,y)-f(0,0)\right| = \left|\dfrac{\tan^2(g(x,y))}{g(x,y)}\right| \\\\ = \left|\dfrac{\sin^2(g(x,y))}{g(x,y)^2}\cdot\dfrac{g(x,y)}{\cos^2(g(x,y))}\right| \\\\ = \left|\dfrac{\sin(g(x,y))}{g(x,y)}\right|^2 \cdot \dfrac{|g(x,y)|}{\cos^2(x,y)}$

The first expression in the product is bounded above by 1, since $|\sin(x)|\le|x|$ for all $x$ . Then as $(x,y)$ approaches the origin,

$\displaystyle\lim_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\frac{|g(x,y)|}{\cos^2(x,y)} = 0$

So, $f$ is continuous at the origin.

• Now that we have continuity established, we need to show that the derivative exists at (0, 0), which amounts to showing that the rate at which $f(x,y)$ changes as we move the point $(x,y)$ closer to the origin, given by

$\left|\dfrac{f(x,y)-f(0,0)}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\right|,$

approaches 0.

Just like before,

$\left|\dfrac{\tan^2(g(x,y))}{g(x,y)\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\right| = \left|\dfrac{\sin^2(g(x,y))}{g(x,y)}\right|^2 \cdot \left|\dfrac{g(x,y)}{\cos^2(g(x,y))\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\right| \\\\ \le \dfrac{|g(x,y)|}{\cos^2(g(x,y))\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}$

and this converges to $g(0,0)=0$ , since differentiability of $g$ means

$\displaystyle \lim_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\frac{g(x,y)-g(0,0)}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}=0$

So, $f$ is differentiable at (0, 0).

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