Maximum Thrift is a method / philosophy that considers the shortest tree (in number of transformation steps) the best hypothesis about the phylogenetic relationship of a given set of terminals. Transformation step is the cost attributed to the change of character state in a given branch of the tree, be it the change from one nucleotide base to another, amino acids, or the color of an animal's iris. The fewer transformations, the shorter the tree, and therefore the more parsimonious. In this method, what programs do is to investigate as many alternative topologies as possible (or all if their array has less than 25 terminals; see more details below) given their character array. Each will be measured, and the shorter (optimal) trees will be retained as the most parsimonious result.
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The study of oceans and their life.
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The study of oceans, including seawater, the ocean floor, and marine plants and animals.
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The first person to observe cells was Robert Hooke. Hooke was an English scientist. He used a compound microscope to look at thin slices of cork.
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Sorry if I am wrong let me know if I am.
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An example of mutualism is the relationship between remora and shark.
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Remora depends on sharks for food and locomotion. It has a sucking mouth that helps it to attach itself to the shark.
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1. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made the first microscope and used it to look at bacteria and study bacteria, and Robert Hooke studied cells and saw cavities in the cells that looked like small boxes - he discovered plant cells! he recognized cells as the basic unit of life, a basis for Cell Theory.
2. cell theory is: every living organism is made of one or more cells, cells are the smallest units of life ( that have the properties of a living thing), All cells come from other cells - all living things come from other living things. This relates to every living thing because all living things come under cell theory - like all living things are made of cells
3. prokaryotes, like bacteria, doesn't have a nucleus covered in a membrane. a eukaryotic cell, like an animal cell, has a membrane covered nucleus. just like the nucleus, in eukaryotes the organelles are not membrane bound. in prokaryotes, the organelles are membrane bound. In prokaryotes the DNA form is circular, while the DNA form in eukaryotes is linear. there are more, but i couldn't list them.
4. Example for prokaryote: the famous (or infamous) E. Coli bacterium. example for eukaryote: Humans!
5. Single-celled organisms (unicellular organisms) have all the functions necessary for their survival in the single cell. Multicellular organisms (many celled organisms), however, need many cells to survive and carry out all the functions necessary for their survival and do the different tasks each cell is supposed to do.
I hope this helped, please do correct me if I am wrong!
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