Post-communist reforms in many Central European countries, particularly Romania and Bulgaria, have been hampered by the persistence of corruption and organized crime.
Post-communist reforms:
The WIDER group evaluated the four fundamental pillars of a successful transition in Eastern Europe—stabilization, price liberalization, privatization, and restructuring—in their prior report, Post-communist Reform in Eastern Europe. This elite group of economists has been actively participating in the reform process for the past three years. In this new research, they take stock, revisit the key ideas, and evaluate the state of play, notably in Russia.
The major Central European nations were stabilized mostly according to plan. In contrast, Russia is moving along a path of a reorganization rather than stabilization. The writers discuss the potential success of this alternate approach. Regarding privatization, they point out that earlier strategies were based on the supposition that the resources belonged to the government. as sluggish development.
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The policy of Appeasement intended to "appease" Hiter and Nazi Germany- meaning that they hoped if they satisfy some of Hitler's demands, it wouldn't come to a war and that in the end this solution would produce less victims.
Needless to say, it did not work and Hitler could not be appeased.
As someone working on deliberative democracy and its practices, I think we should not exaggerate electoral accountability. Of course it is better than nothing however it is not an effective way of ensuring a democratic system. At the end of the day, we are talking about a power that can be used every 4 or 5 years. Such power is simply not powerful. The lack of citizen power in politics is a systemic issue. Unless the ideas and perspectives of citizens are transmitted to the political arena, we cannot talk about the power of people.
Education is crucially important. With better education people's voting preferences might have better bases. However, this does not make the system any more democratic than it is now unless people have more chances of effecting the policy making. This needs a better systemic environment than electoral politics. Here, I think deliberative and participatory models offer great ways of political decision-making.
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Answer:
Gain from trade
Explanation:
A situation whereby a country can consume more than it can produce as a result of specialization and trade is referred to as GAIN FROM TRADE.
The above situation usually occurs when countries produce a surplus of the commodity in which they possess specialization and then trade it for another surplus commodity of another country, thereby making them consume more than they can produce due to occupation and exchange.
Hence, in this case, the answer is GAIN FROM TRADE.
‘Allah is the name Muslims use for the supreme and unique God, who created and rules everything. The heart of faith for all Muslims is obedience to Allah's will. Allah has always existed and will always exist. Allah knows everything that can be known.’ - From the BBC
