Feudalism spread from France to Spain, Italy and Germany. The feudal system was originally a by-product from the Roman Empire. As the Roman Empire crumbled and the Viking raids increased, large landowners offered land and protection to their tenants in exchange for taxes and labor. By the 11th century, most parts of Germany were dominated by aristocrats. They considered it beneath themselves to farm the land so they offered the land to tenants in exchange for food and labor. They then bore arms and dispensed justice everywhere, even on their own lands.
The Middle East has been an important source of musical instruments for other parts of the world. Bagpipes, guitar, lute, oboe, tambourine, viols, and most zithers have a Middle Eastern origin.
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The period following Muhammad’s death is known as the Rashidun Caliphate that lasted from 610-750. During this empire a Muslim administration and government was established and ruled the Middle East. The Caliphate was governed by The Righteous Caliphs, or spiritual leaders. By 644, these four leaders helped Islam spread and grow far and beyond the Middle East through conquests of major cities like Baghdad, Jerusalem, and Alexandria. North and Western parts of Africa were also conquered effectively taking control over much of the Byzantine and Persian territory. The third Caliph Uthman created a version of the Quran that became standardized and widely used throughout the Islamic world in newly established schools that taught the Arabic language and Islamic studies. This was also a period in which hundreds of mosques were built throughout the empire.
After the death of the last caliph in 661, the Umayyad Caliphate took control of the empire and ruled until 750. Historians regard this caliphate as the most powerful and expansive of the caliphs. The Umayyad Caliphate grew the Islamic Empire to its peak and expanded its control from the Middle East to parts of Asia, India, Northern Africa and parts of Europe.
ITS C.
“the circular flow of income between the household sector and the business sector.” - explanation to back it up!