Answer:
The area of the Iris is 4 times greater.
Step-by-step explanation:
Firstly, we have to realize that we cannot solve this problem without knowing the radius of the iris. because from the information given, the radius of the iris could well be the size of the galaxy and contract from width of 4mm to 2mm and we wouldn't know!
The average radius of the iris is 6mm, so we take this value.
Now, initially the width of the iris is 4mm, that means the radius of the pupil is:

Therefore it's area
is:

When the iris contracts to 2mm, the radius of the pupil becomes:

Then it's area is
:

To find how many times greater this final area is than the initial area, we just divide it by the initial area:

This is 4 times greater than the initial area.
Answer:
Aidan is 2 miles far from the ending point when he reaches the water station.
Step-by-step explanation:
The locations of the starting point, water station and ending point are (3, 1), (3, 7) and (3, 9), all expressed in miles. First we determine the distances between starting and ending points and between starting point and water station by the Pythagorean Theorem:
From starting point to ending point:
(Eq. 1)

From starting point to water station:
(Eq. 2)

The distance between the water station and the ending point is:
(Eq. 3)


Hence, Aidan is 2 miles far from the ending point when he reaches the water station.
For Commutative Property of Addition
Let us take a decimal number
and a fraction 
Now, according to the Commutative property of Addition:
For any two numbers
and
:

So, for
and 
Let us add


Also,


Therefore, 
Hence, Commutative Property of Addition is satisfied.
For Associated Property of Addition
Let us take two same decimal numbers
,
and a fraction 
Now, according to the Associated property of Addition:
For any three numbers
,
and 

So, for
,
and 
The Left hand side:







The Right hand side:






Thus,

Therefore, 
Hence, Associative Property of Addition is satisfied.