Bacteria converts the ammonia and ammonium into nitrates and nitrites is described below.
Explanation:
1. Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia to nitrites or nitrates. Ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates are all fixed nitrogen and can be absorbed by plants. Denitrifying bacteria converts nitrates back to nitrogen gas.
2. The nitrification process requires the mediation of two distinct groups: bacteria that convert ammonia to nitrites (Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira, Nitrosococcus, and Nitrosolobus) and bacteria that convert nitrites (toxic to plants) to nitrates (Nitrobacter, Nitrospina, and Nitrococcus).
3. Nitrifying bacteria present in the soil convert ammonia into nitrite. Nitrite is then converted into nitrate. This process is called Nitrification.
4. De-Nitrification: Nitrogen in its nitrate form (NO3–) is converted back into atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) by bacterial species such as Pseudomonas and Clostridium, usually in anaerobic conditions. These bacteria use nitrate as an electron acceptor instead of oxygen during respiration
Attached is a picture/diagram of both a gram negative bacteria and a gram positive bacteria. This question most likely pertains to gram negative bacteria as only gram negative bacteria as an outer lipopolysaccharide (LPS) membrane.
It should be noted that there must be an error in the question as the bacterial cell wall comprises of the peptidoglycan layer (for gram positive) or the outer membrane plus the peptidoglycan layer (in gram negative). The better question would be what is the space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane in a prokaryotic cell, and the answer is the periplasmic space.
Answer:
I want to be a Gynecologist
Explanation:
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In immunology two types of immune response are described depending on whether there is prior contact with the antigen.
• At this first contact, only lymphocytes with receptors specific to the antigen in question are stimulated and lead to the production of antibodies capable of neutralizing it. The lymphocytes capable of recognizing a specific antigen are very few and the production of antibodies - of low intensity and limited duration - is detectable only after a period of latency of several days. This is called the primary response. The specificity of the resulting seropositivity, however, makes it possible to detect contamination (seroconversion).
• Upon re-contact with an antigen that has already triggered a primary response, specific antibody production is found to increase rapidly after a short latency period. The secretion of IgG then reaches levels much higher than those observed during the primary response, while that of IgM is of the same order. This early and intense response, called secondary response, most often results in the destruction of infectious agents before any clinical sign.
• Many centuries before the discovery of microbes, it was noted that people who developed a contagious disease without death were then specifically immunized against the disease, without being protected against others.
• The ability to react appropriately to an already received stimulus supposes the existence of a memory. The immune memory is based on the existence of memory B and T lymphocytes, resulting from the clonal expansion due to the first contact with the antigen. Their lifespan is significantly higher than that of other lymphocytes and their high reactivity gives its rapid and intense character to the secondary response.
<u>Answer:</u>
"Debt-for-nature swaps" are just "financial transactions" from which a part of a nation's (Developing nation) foreign debt is forgiven. This is done in exchange of "local investments" for the purpose of environmental conservation measures.
<u>Explanation:</u>
- The model for "debt-for-nature swaps", was outlined in the EAI (Enterprise for the Americas Initiative), was extended in the "Tropical Forest Conservation Act" (TFCA) to include the countries present around the world with 'tropical forests'.
- With the help of the program, "debt can be restructured" only in eligible countries, and 'funds' generated through this transactions are used to support programs for "conserving tropical forests" within the 'debtor country'.
- 124.8 million dollars has been spent under the 'TFCA' to restructure loan agreements in '13 countries' and nearly 218.4 million dollars in 'local currency' will be generated in the next 12-26 years for 'tropical forest conservation projects'.
- Thus, "debt for nature swaps" encourages the protection of "tropical rain forest".
