The correct answer is C. Precipitating factors
Explanation:
In collective behavior, "precipitating factors" refers to one of the factors or triggers of collective behaviors or those factors or behavior from individuals that represent a cause for a collective response and that usually linked to a dramatic event that led to others. This is the case of a "boy throwing rocks during a demonstration" because this action becomes a factor for a specific response from a collectivity but during this stage the collectivity has not mobilized for action or act to achieve a purpose; additionally as part of precipitating factors this situation is linked to a dramatical event that can create further actions from a group of people.
Two landmark decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court served to confirm the inferred constitutional authority for judicial review in the United States: In 1796, Hylton v. United States was the first case decided by the Supreme Court involving a direct challenge to the constitutionality of an act of Congress, the Carriage Act of 1794 which imposed a "carriage tax".[2]
The Court engaged in the process of judicial review by examining the
plaintiff's claim that the carriage tax was unconstitutional. After
review, the Supreme Court decided the Carriage Act was not
unconstitutional. In 1803, Marbury v. Madison[3]
was the first Supreme Court case where the Court asserted its authority
for judicial review to strike down a law as unconstitutional. At the
end of his opinion in this decision,[4]
Chief Justice John Marshall maintained that the Supreme Court's
responsibility to overturn unconstitutional legislation was a necessary
consequence of their sworn oath of office to uphold the Constitution as
instructed in Article Six of the Constitution.
It is the supreme court’s responsibility to monitor government infringement on civil rights according to the doctrine of Judicial review.
