America went through a tough time during this age. The government was very corrupt and authority could easily be bribed. This is why court cases against these things could not easily be won, because of the corruption.
A linguist studies language in a scientific way; so not just a certain language like Spanish, Mandarin or such, but how a language is written, communicated, it's forms, etc.
No taxation without representation means American colonist were taxed by the British Parliament and in return Americans will be given the rights to elect representatives.
Explanation:
Previously the British Parliament had a law where the American colonist had to pay taxes but on the other hand they were not given the right to elect their representatives. The Americans complaint against it and demanded for "no taxation without representation".
The main idea behind it was that as the Americans had to pay huge taxes they should be given the right to elect their representatives as the Britishers get, that is the opportunity to elect the representatives.
A dramatic change in the way people worked and lived