Answer:
The complement system or complement cascade is an essential part immune system that increases the ability of the immune cells such as phagocytic cells and antibodies to kill and remove foreign bodies such as microbes and removes the damaged or infected from the cells of an infected organism.
The complement system utilizes the classic pathway to destroy cell walls or membrane of antigen or microbes, however, it sometimes also use alternate pathway for certain organism
Large numbers of activated complement proteins are produced by the complement system that binds and, opsonizing microbes for internalization by phagocytes having receptors for a complement. It is important for innate defense
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Acute renal failure (ARF), commonly referred to as acute kidney injury (AKI), is a brief period of kidney damage or malfunction which lasts some few hours to a few days.
The kidneys struggle to maintain the proper balance of fluids in the body when waste products accumulate in the body.
AKI includes 4 stages:
(I) initiation,
(II) oligo-anuria,
(III) polyuria, and
(IV) restitution.
The onset phases of ARF are best described by stage 1, which is called Initiation.
The initial phase of kidney damage is characterized by a 25% reduction in renal blood flow as well as tissue oxygenation, as well as a decrease in urine output to less than 0.5 mL/kg/hr, as a result of events including such blood loss, dehydration, burns, diabetes insipidus, or infection.
This phase last hours to days.
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