So if an equation was f(x)=x+4
you would automatically change f(x) into y
so it would y-y=x(x-x)
so you plug in the x and 4 which is the first y and x
y-4=x(x-x)
you switch the numbers around
so your final answer would be x-4
The value of p = 11
y = 5x + p
1 = 5(-2) + p
1 = -10 + p
11 = p
If the -8 is under the square root, then...

OR
If the -8 is not under the square root, then...

Either way, we replace x with -3 and simplify.
For more information, refer to the direct substitution rule for limits.
Hello :
cos60 = cos(-60)=0.5