<span>Lymbic syste. These three parts are seen under the cerebrum as on both sides of thalamus. The function of these parts include controlling memories and emotions. It is a complex system of neurons. Hypothalamus is concerned primarily with homoeostasis, Hippocampus is the centreof memories and amygdala is sudden responses.</span>
The molecule, which the plant is most likely synthesizing using the extra nitrogen is PROTEIN.
Plants and animals do not have the capacity to use atmospheric nitrogen as nutrient. Atmospheric nitrogen has to be converted to forms that are usable by plants and animals before they can utilize it. Nitrogen fixing bacteria are the ones that are responsible for converting atmospheric nitrogen to the forms such as nitrate and ammonium, which can be used by plants. Animals get their own portion of nitrogen when they eat plants or other animals. Nitrate is the form of nitrogen that is mostly used by plants. Excess ammonium in plants are usually used directly to synthesize proteins. Nitrogen is a very important component of chlorophyll, which is essential for photosynthesis. Nitrogen is also found in the genetic materials of plants and it is needed for their growth and development. Animals used nitrogen to synthesize proteins, nucleic acid and other biological compounds that contain nitrogen.
Answer:
Hepato- and nephrotoxicity of fluoride have been demonstrated in animals, but few studies have examined potential effects in humans. This population-based study examines the relationship between chronic low-level fluoride exposure and kidney and liver function among United States (U.S.) adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate whether greater fluoride exposure is associated with altered kidney and liver parameters among U.S. youth.
This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). We analyzed data from 1983 and 1742 adolescents who had plasma and water fluoride measures respectively and did not have kidney disease. Fluoride was measured in plasma and household tap water. Kidney parameters included estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated by the original Schwartz formula), serum uric acid, and the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. Liver parameters were assessed in serum and included alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and albumin. Survey-weighted linear regression examined relationships between fluoride exposure and kidney and liver parameters after covariate adjustment. A Holm-Bonferroni correction accounted for multiple comparisons.
The average age of adolescents was 15.4 years. Median water and plasma fluoride concentrations were 0.48 mg/L and 0.33 μmol/L respectively. A 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride was associated with a 10.36 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (95% CI: −17.50, −3.22; p = 0.05), a 0.29 mg/dL higher serum uric acid concentration (95% CI: 0.09, 0.50; p = 0.05), and a 1.29 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95%CI: −1.87, −0.70; p < 0.001). A 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride was associated with a 0.93 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95% CI: −1.44, −0.42; p = 0.007).
Fluoride exposure may contribute to complex changes in kidney and liver related parameters among U.S. adolescents. As the study is cross-sectional, reverse causality cannot be ruled out; therefore, altered kidney and/or liver function may impact bodily fluoride absorption and metabolic processes.
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