Long-term potentiation (LTP) is considered a cellular correlate of learning and memory. The presence of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels near excitatory synapses on dendritic spines suggests their possible involvement in synaptic plasticity. However, whether activity-dependent regulation of channels affects excitatory synaptic plasticity is unknown. In a companion article we have reported activity-dependent regulation of GIRK channel density in cultured hippocampal neurons that requires activity oF receptors (NMDAR) and protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and takes place within 15 min. In this study, we performed whole-cell recordings of cultured hippocampal neurons and found that NMDAR activation increases basal GIRK current and GIRK channel activation mediated by adenosine A(1) receptors, but not GABA(B) receptors. Given the similar involvement of NMDARs, adenosine receptors, and PP1 in depotentiation of LTP caused by low-frequency stimulation that immediately follows LTP-inducing high-frequency stimulation, we wondered whether NMDAR-induced increase in GIRK channel surface density and current may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying this specific depotentiation. Remarkably, GIRK2 null mutation or GIRK channel blockade abolishes depotentiation of LTP, demonstrating that GIRK channels are critical for depotentiation, one form of excitatory synaptic plasticity.
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Answer:
ALL OF THE ABOVE
Explanation:
Genetic Drift are the changes in allele frequency of a population that result from RANDOM survival or reproduction of individuals with certain characteristics. Survival or reproduction of those individuals in the face of some environmental change is a matter of LUCK or CHANCE, not because of their phenotype or genotype.
While in Natural selection, the environmental events that affect a population are likely random, but the survival or reproduction of the individuals depends on their phenotypes and genotypes.
Meanwhile, Gene flow is the movement of genes into or out of a population. Low gen flow can lead to low genetic diversity.
Low population which can cause low genetic diversity, poor habitat conditions and habitat loss, road deaths, and commercial development in panther range are constant threats to the Florida Panther's survival.
All these causes are related and therefore affects the Florida Panther.
An organism is multi cellular, has chloroplasts and is made up of eukaryotic cells will be placed in Eukarya domain by a scientist. The domain Eukarya arose more that 1.7 billion years ago. It originated from the first prokaryotic organisms. I hope that this is the answer that you were looking for and hope that it helps you.
