<em>Smoking.
</em>
<em>Being overweight or obese.
</em>
<em>Lack of physical activity.
</em>
<em>Too much salt in the diet.
</em>
<em>Too much alcohol consumption (more than 1 to 2 drinks per day)</em>
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Chloroplast are only found in plant cells
Answer:
Alleles
Explanation:
In diploid organism, genes occur in pairs on chromosomes and such pairs are referred to as allelic pairs. An allele is an alternative form of the same gene that controls the development of a pair of contrasting genes. The genetic constitution of an organism is known as genotype while its phenotype refers to a set of observable characteristics of an organism which are an expression of an individual genotype.
Destruction of coral reefs would cause an imbalance in the ecosystem. Some species could be driven to extinction.
Coral reefs are the base of the most diverse marine ecosystem in the world. They are often referred to as the ‘rainforest’ of the oceans and seas. They provide shelter for cnidarians, sponges, crustaceans, and etcetera and provide hiding grounds from predators.
Answer:
The correct insulin pathway is described as under:
2. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor
8. Activation of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
3. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins
6. Phosphorylation of phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)
4. Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3
7. Activation of PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1)
5. Glut4 receptors transported to the cell membrane
Explanation:
The insulin signaling pathway is described as under:
RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) which is a receptor for insulin is an extracellular receptor but in contrast to other cell surface receptors it is catalytic in nature. In the absence of insulin (ligand), it is monomeric but as soon as it gets activated (activation occurs upon ligand binding), it undergo dimerization. It leads to auto-phosphorylation in it's tyrosine residue which subsequently leads to phosphorylation of tyrosine residue of other receptors. Such hyper-phosphorylated receptor have high affinity with enzyme/molecule like IRS protein which have SH2 domain . IRS down stream activates phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K). This enzyme converts component of animal cell membrane PIP2 into PIP3. PIP3 also remains membrane bound but it has the potential to phosphorylate another enzyme named as PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1). Further, PDK1 leads to the activation of Akt or PK-B. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase which ultimately leads to the recruitment of Glut4 receptors on cell membrane for uptake of more and more glucose into the cell.
Note: Apart from this Akt also phosphorylates another protein named as FOXO which ultimately causes cell growth, Akt can also phosphorylate BAD protein so as to restrict cell apoptosis or we can say it leads to cell survival, Akt also leads to translation in a cell with the help of mTOR raptor etc.
