D. ribosomes
Ribosomes create proteins.
<span><span>Cyclinany of a group of proteins that regulates the cell cycle by forming a complex with kinases</span><span>G2 checkpointensures all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged</span><span>restriction point(G1 checkpoint) a point in the animal cell cycle at which the cell becomes "committed" to the cell cycle, which is determined by external factors and signals</span><span>spindle checkpoint(M checkpoint) prevents separation of the duplicated chromosomes until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle apparatus</span></span>
Answer:
d. Expressivity refers to the range of expression of a given phenotype.
e. Penetrance refers to the percentage of individuals that expresses the mutant phenotype.
Explanation:
Penetrance is the probability of a gene being expressed. Sometimes, phenotype is not observed even when the dominant allele is present. It is a result of various genetic and environmental factors coming together.This phenomenon is called as incomplete or reduced penetrance. For example: polydactyly trait is produced by a dominant allele but its penetrance is low in general population hence few people show this trait.
Expressivity is the variation in phenotypic expression when an allele is penetrant. Same genetic combination for a trait can have different expressivity in the same population. This phenomenon is also a result of genetic and environmental factors acting together. For example: people who do end up showing polydactyly trait may show it to different degrees. Some might have one extra finger, some might have two. Some might have a stub, some might have a full grown finger.
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Blue Jay
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Corvidae
Genus: Cyanocitta
Species: C. cristata
Robin
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Turdidae
Genus: Turdus
Species: T. migratorius
Cardinal
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Suborder: Passeri
Family: Cardinalidae
Finch
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Superfamily: Passeroidea
Family: Fringillidae
Pelican
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Pelecaniformes
Family: Pelecanidae
Genus: Pelecanus