Conservation of Charge is the principle that the total electric charge in an isolated system never changes. The net quantity of electric charge, the amount of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge in the universe, is always conserved.

7 0

3 years ago

It is proposed to use Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) to fuel spark-ignition engines. A typical sample of the fuel on a volume basis

Norma-Jean [14]

Answer:

The overall balanced combustion reaction is written as :

$0.7C_3H_8 \ + \ 0.05C_4H_{10} \ + \ 0.25 C_3H_6 \ + \ x(O_2 \ + \ 3.76N_2) ---> 3.05CO_2 \ + \ 3.8H_2O \ + \ 18.612N_2$

$(F/A)_{stoichiometric} = 0.0424$

$(A/F)_{stoichiometric} = 23.562$

the higher heating values $(HHV)_f$ per unit mass of LPG = 49.9876 MJ/kg

the lower heating values $(LHV)_f$ per unit mass of LPG = 46.4933 MJ/kg

Explanation:

The stoichiometric equation can be expressed as :

$0.7C_3H_8 \ + \ 0.05C_4H_{10} \ + \ 0.25 C_3H_6 \ + \ x(O_2 \ + \ 3.76N_2) ---> aCO_2 \ + \ bH_2O \ + \ cN_2$

Now, equating the coefficient of carbon; we have:

(0.7×3)+(0.05×4)+(0.25×3) = a

a = 3.05

Also, Equating the coefficient of hydrogen : we have:

(0.7 × 8) +(0.05 × 10) + ( 0.25 × 6) = 2 b

2b = 7.6

b = 3.8

Equating the coefficient of oxygen

2x = 2a + b

$x = \frac{2a+b}{2} \\ \\ x = \frac{2(3.05)+3.8}{2} \\ \\ x = 4.95$

Equating the coefficient of Nitrogen

$c = 3.76x \\ \\ c = 3.76 *4.95 \\ \\ c = 18.612$

Therefore, The overall balanced combustion reaction can now be written as :

$0.7C_3H_8 \ + \ 0.05C_4H_{10} \ + \ 0.25 C_3H_6 \ + \ x(O_2 \ + \ 3.76N_2) ---> 3.05CO_2 \ + \ 3.8H_2O \ + \ 18.612N_2$

Now; To determine the stoichiometric F/A and A/F ratios; we have:

$(F/A)_{stoichiometric} = \frac{n_f}{n_a } \\ \\ (F/A)_{stoichiometric} = \frac{1}{4.95*(1+3.76)} \\ \\ (F/A)_{stoichiometric} = 0.0424$

$(A/F)_{stoichiometric} = \frac{n_a}{n_f } \\ \\ (A/F)_{stoichiometric} = \frac{4.95*(1+3.76)}{1} \\ \\ (A/F)_{stoichiometric} = 23.562$

What are the higher and lower heating values per unit mass of LPG?

Let calculate the molecular mass of the fuel in order to determine their mass fraction of the fuel components.

Molecular mass of the fuel $M_f = (0.7*M_{C_3H_5} ) + (0.05 *M_{C_4H_{10}}) + (0.25*M _{C_3H_6})$

= 30.8 + 2.9 + 10.5

= 44.2 kg/mol

Mass fraction of the fuel components can now be calculated as :

$m_{C_3H_8} = \frac{30.8}{44.2} \\ \\ m_{C_3H_8} = 0.7 \\ \\ \\ m_{C_4H_{10}} = \frac[2.9}{44.2} \\ \\ m_{C_4H_{10}} = 0.06 \\ \\ \\ m_{C_3H_6} = \frac{10.5}{44.2} \\ \\ m_{C_3H_6} = 0.24$

Finally; calculating the higher heating values $(HHV)_f$ per unit mass of LPG; we have:

$(HHV)_f=(0.7 * HHV_{C_3H_8}) + (0.06 *HHV_{C_4H_{10}})+(0.24*HHV_{C_3H_6} \\ \\ (HHV)_f=(0.7*50.38)+(0.06*49.56)+(0.24*48.95) \\ \\ (HHV)_f=49.9876 \ MJ/kg$

calculating the lower heating values $(LHV)_f$ per unit mass of LPG; we have:

$(LHV)_f = (HHV)_f - \delta H_w \\ \\ (LHV)_f = (HHV)_f - [\frac{m_w}{m_f}h_{vap}] \\ \\ (LHV)_f = 49.9876 \ MJ/kg - [\frac{3.8*18}{44.2}*2.258 \ MJ/kg] \\ \\ (LHV)_f = 46.4933 \ M/kg$

7 0

4 years ago

Find the moler mass of P2S3

Anon25 [30]

Answer:

158.2 g/mol

Explanation:

8 0

3 years ago

Substitute natural gas (SNG) is a gaseous mixture containing CH4(g) that can be used as a fuel. One reaction for the production

Lynna [10]

Answer:

ΔH° of the reaction is -747.54kJ

Explanation:

Based on gas law, it is possible to find the ΔH of a reaction using ΔH of half reactions.

Using the reactions:

(1) C(graphite) + 1/2O₂(g) → CO(g) ΔH° = -110.5 kJ

(2) CO(g) + 1/2O₂(g) → CO₂(g) ΔH° = -283.0 kJ

(3) H₂(g) + 1/2O₂(g) → H₂O(l) ΔH° = -285.8 kJ

(4) C(graphite) + 2H₂(g) → CH₄(g) ΔH° = -74.81 kJ

(5) CH₄(g) + 2O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + 2H₂O(l) ΔH° = -890.3 kJ

The sum of 4×(4) + (5) gives:

4C(graphite) + 8H₂(g) + 2O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + 2H₂O(l) + 3CH₄(g)

ΔH° = -74.81 kJ ×4 - 890.3 kJ = -1189.54kJ

Now, this reaction - 4×(1) gives:

4CO(g) + 8H₂(g) → CO₂(g) + 2H₂O(l) + 3CH₄(g)

ΔH° = -1189.54kJ - 4×-110.5 = -747.54kJ

Thus ΔH° of the reaction is -747.54kJ

3 0

3 years ago

Give reasons. a. Troposphere is affected maximum by human activities.​

Give reasons. a. Troposphere is affected maximum by human activities.