This could be wrong but I am giving a decent suggestion: All ions are atoms with a negative charge.
Answer: That's air resistance.
Explanation: Well, air resistance is an upward force exerted on falling objects.
( I hope this helped <3 )
Answer:1.301 s
Explanation:
Given
Initial Velocity(u)=30 m/s
Height of cliff=8.3 m
Time taken to cover 8.3 m

here Initial vertical velocity is 0



Horizontal distance


First, we convert kcal to joules:
1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
475 kcal = 1987.4 kJ
Now, calculating the change in internal energy:
ΔU = Q + W; where Q is the heat supplied to the system and W is the work done on the system.
ΔU = -500 + 1987.4
ΔU = 1487.4 kJ