Answer:
A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air. ... The frozen part of Earth's hydrosphere is made of ice: glaciers, ice caps and icebergs. The frozen part of the hydrosphere has its own name, the cryosphere.
Answer:
The Miller-Urey experiment was conducted to simulate the conditions on Earth when life arose, and see if a chemical evolution could occur. This experiment was performed without oxygen, because they knew that if oxygen was added, the amino acids would oxidize. In particular, the experiment intended to simulate a volcanic eruption was analyzed.
Thus, particles of water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen were exposed to high temperatures and electric discharges that simulated these eruptions, during a determined period. Later, it was observed that organic compounds had emerged from this exposure, which allowed us to infer one of the hypotheses regarding the origin of life on Earth.
The 3 checkpoints include G1 where the cell growth is checked, G2 where the integrity of the DNA/chromosome is checked, and M where the integrity of the metaphase plate is checked.
<h3>Cell cycle checkpoints</h3>
There are 3 regulatory checkpoints in the life cycle of cells:
- G1: the size of the cell, the presence of growth factors, and the integrity of the DNA are checked before the cell irreversibly commits to division.
- G2: the integrity of the DNA and the correctness of the replication process at the S-phase are checked.
- M: correct attachment of the spindle fibers to the chromosomes at the metaphase plate is checked.
More on cell cycle checkpoints can be found here: brainly.com/question/2128300
Autotroph: a creature that obtains its carbon from inorganic carbon dioxide
Chemotroph: an organism that obtains energy from chemical substances-Heterotroph: an organism that must receive its carbon in an organic form
Phototroph: an organism that produces energy from sunlight
The term "primary nutritional groups" refers to a category of creatures that are separated into subcategories based on the sources of carbon and energy that they require for survival, growth, and reproduction. Carbon can come from organic or inorganic sources, and energy can be derived from either light or chemical molecules. ATP, carbs, or proteins are used to store the liberated energy as potential energy. The energy is eventually put to use for activities essential to life, like movement, growth, and reproduction.
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Coralline and calcareous algae build-ups are very essential for the development of coral reefs. In addition, when these coralline and calcareous algae tends to "stick" on landforms below the ocean surface, and as these life forms grows and continuously expands, they now form what we call "reefs."
