1answer.
Ask question
Login Signup
Ask question
All categories
  • English
  • Mathematics
  • Social Studies
  • Business
  • History
  • Health
  • Geography
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Computers and Technology
  • Arts
  • World Languages
  • Spanish
  • French
  • German
  • Advanced Placement (AP)
  • SAT
  • Medicine
  • Law
  • Engineering
irina1246 [14]
2 years ago
9

In this activity, you will write an article explaining, in everyday terminology, the process of protein synthesis. You will expl

ore the concepts of DNA and RNA, transcription and RNA processing, translation, and protein modifications. Make sure to write it in a sense that explains everything that is happening, but in a language that an everyday person (non-scientist) would understand.
For this task, you will imagine that you are a reporter for a scientific magazine. Your task is to explain the process of protein synthesis to someone who does NOT have a science background. Therefore, the explanation needs to be in simple enough terms for anyone to understand.

You will organize your article in the following way:

Structure and Function of DNA and RNA
Transcription and RNA processing
Translation
Protein modification (general)
You must also include the following terms:

Double helix
Helicase
Codon
Polymerase
5’ cap
Poly (A) tail
Introns
Exons
Splicesomes
rRNA, tRNA, Mrna
Ribosomes
Anticodons
E site, P site, A site
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Make sure that your article flows smoothly and that all your information is thorough and accurate. Do NOT simply give definition after definition. Keep in mind that you have to explain the whole process in a way that a non-science person would understand.
Biology
1 answer:
Dmitriy789 [7]2 years ago
3 0

Answer:

Take a moment to look at your hands. The bone, skin, and muscle you see are made up of cells. And each of those cells contains many millions of proteins^1  

As a matter of fact, proteins are key molecular "building blocks" for every organism on Earth!

How are these proteins made in a cell? For starters, the instructions for making proteins are "written" in a cell’s DNA in the form of genes. If that idea is new to you, you may want to check out the section on DNA to RNA to protein (central dogma) before getting into the nitty-gritty of building proteins.

Basically, a gene is used to build a protein in a two-step process:

Step 1: transcription! Here, the DNA sequence of a gene is "rewritten" in the form of RNA. In eukaryotes like you and me, the RNA is processed (and often has a few bits snipped out of it) to make the final product, called a messenger RNA or mRNA.

Step 2: translation! In this stage, the mRNA is "decoded" to build a protein (or a chunk/subunit of a protein) that contains a specific series of amino acids. [What exactly is an "amino acid"?]

The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows from DNA (genes) to mRNA through the process of transcription, and then to proteins through the process of translation.

The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows from DNA (genes) to mRNA through the process of transcription, and then to proteins through the process of translation.

_Image modified from "Central dogma of molecular biochemistry with enzymes," by Daniel Horspool (CC BY-SA 3.0). The modified image is licensed under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license._

In this article, we'll zoom in on translation, getting an overview of the process and the molecules that carry it out.

The genetic code

During translation, a cell “reads” the information in a messenger RNA (mRNA) and uses it to build a protein. Actually, to be a little more techical, an mRNA doesn’t always encode—provide instructions for—a whole protein. Instead, what we can confidently say is that it always encodes a polypeptide, or chain of amino acids.

[Wait, what is the difference?]

Genetic code table. Each three-letter sequence of mRNA nucleotides corresponds to a specific amino acid, or to a stop codon. UGA, UAA, and UAG are stop codons. AUG is the codon for methionine, and is also the start codon.

Genetic code table. Each three-letter sequence of mRNA nucleotides corresponds to a specific amino acid, or to a stop codon. UGA, UAA, and UAG are stop codons. AUG is the codon for methionine, and is also the start codon.

In an mRNA, the instructions for building a polypeptide are RNA nucleotides (As, Us, Cs, and Gs) read in groups of three. These groups of three are called codons.

There are 616161 codons for amino acids, and each of them is "read" to specify a certain amino acid out of the 202020 commonly found in proteins. One codon, AUG, specifies the amino acid methionine and also acts as a start codon to signal the start of protein construction.

There are three more codons that do not specify amino acids. These stop codons, UAA, UAG, and UGA, tell the cell when a polypeptide is complete. All together, this collection of codon-amino acid relationships is called the genetic code, because it lets cells “decode” an mRNA into a chain of amino acids.

Each mRNA contains a series of codons (nucleotide triplets) that each specifies an amino acid. The correspondence between mRNA codons and amino acids is called the genetic code.

5'

AUG - Methionine

ACG - Threonine

GAG - Glutamate

CUU - Leucine

CGG - Arginine

AGC - Serine

UAG - Stop

3'

To see how cells make proteins, let's divide translation into three stages: initiation (starting off), elongation (adding on to the protein chain), and termination (finishing up).

Getting started: Initiation

You might be interested in
What is the mesentery of a frog
MissTica
Net Frog<span> Dissection: Organs 10: Pancreas & </span>Mesentery<span>. Organs 10: Pancreas. You can't see the pancreas without lifting the stomach and intestines with the forceps. The pancreas is a thin, yellowish ribbon. The intestines are held in place by thin, transparent tissue called the </span>mesentery<span>.</span>
4 0
3 years ago
You are studying a protein that you call Protein X. There is an aspartic acid at a key position in Protein X which is important
Sonbull [250]
<h2>Answer:</h2>

The same type of amino acid, means acidic amino acid substitution will leads to normal folding.

The amino acid will be glutamic acid.

<h3>Explanation:</h3>
  • Sometimes the amino acids of the same type substitution leads to normal proteins.
  • As the acidic group of aspartic acid is responsible for the folding of the protein .
  • So if the amino acid is substituted by glutamic acid, it will not leads to any abnormal protein folding.
  • Because glutamic acid also has a acidic group which is responsible for folding of protein.


4 0
3 years ago
True or false? Many environmentalists believe that reducing human population growth could improve environmental issues.
Lilit [14]
True! Earth is beginning to become very overcrowded and combined with the amount of people of the planet and the carelessness that they all have for it, the earth is slowly beginning to show it's age. Of course, no one will act on this opinion,  because it is quite illegal to just kill people, but it is true!
3 0
3 years ago
Genes are sections of DNA that code for a particular trait. Genes are:
SashulF [63]
Pretty sure it’s nucleic acids
7 0
2 years ago
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes fungi from other organisms
ryzh [129]
<span>..The following characteristic distinguishes fungi from other organisms: D. Use absorption to obtain nutrients ...</span>
4 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Other questions:
  • To what family do blackberries raspberries and strawberries belong
    9·1 answer
  • What is the name of organ that produces maltase?<br>and<br>What is the action of maltase?
    7·2 answers
  • You notice the line of mercury in your barometer is all the way to the top—30 inches. Is this high or low pressure? What kind of
    6·2 answers
  • After plates have been pushed upward by convection currents, gravity pulls them
    9·2 answers
  • The movement of oceans has no impact on the Earth’s climate.
    8·1 answer
  • What is the structures of carbohydrates?
    11·1 answer
  • Which one of the following choices requires that an MCO plan being reviewed for accreditation demonstrates that it has done a th
    10·1 answer
  • There are 4 organic molecules that we studied, Lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and Proteins (nucleic acids). All of them are
    6·1 answer
  • Which behavior is a response that is determined by heredity?
    12·2 answers
  • Lots of points any one knos
    13·1 answer
Add answer
Login
Not registered? Fast signup
Signup
Login Signup
Ask question!