Answer:
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are one of the commonest causes of medication error in developed countries, particularly in the elderly due to poly-therapy, with a prevalence of 20-40%. In particular, poly-therapy increases the complexity of therapeutic management and thereby the risk of clinically important DDIs, which can both induce the development of adverse drug reactions or reduce the clinical efficacy. DDIs can be classify into two main groups: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. In this review, using Medline, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library and Reference lists we searched articles published until June 30 2012, and we described the mechanism of pharmacokinetic DDIs focusing the interest on their clinical implications.
Keywords: Absorption, adverse drug reaction, distribution, drug-drug interactions, excretion, metabolism, poly-therapy
Answer:
Atropine is highly potent antagonist of G-Class proteins of receptors termed as muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Atropine blocks the action of these receptors and suppress the effects caused by parasympathetic nervous system. These complications of Atropine may lead to Tachycardia in patients administrated with atropine.
Answer:
A key Symptom of REM sleep disorder is (b) the occurnace of motor movements during slow-wave sleep.
Explanation:
Lots of movements can occur such as kicking, punching or jumping off the bed.
Answer:
Intramembranous ossification:
Intramembranous ossification, the development of osseous tissue occurs without the cartliage formation. The bone forms on the mesenchyme tissue. No intermediate cartilage is formed in this type of ossification. This process is important for the formation of flat bones.
Endochondral ossification:
Endochondral ossification, the development occurs from the center and true bone tissue is replaced in this type of ossification. The cartilage formation occur in this process. An intermediate cartilage is formed in this type of ossification. This process is important for the formation of long bones.
