It depends on which drug is to be given and what is its mechanism of action. e.g. for any antibiotic intra venous route will be a suitable choice whereas in case of a laxative we can administer it rectally if oral is not tolerated.
thanks
This is true. Endorphin's are released during exercise and cause a euphoric feeling.
Nicotine affects the receptors in the brain and clogs the lungs with tar
Answer:
Immune reaction.
Explanation:
Plasma cell disorders are generally uncommon. They begin at that time when a single plasma cell multiplies excessively. This results in a group of genetically identical cells (called a clone), which produces a large quantity of a single type of antibody (immunoglobulin). Plasma cells develop from B cells (B lymphocytes), which is a type of white blood cell that usually produces antibodies. These proteins help the body to fight against infection. This means they help in the immune system.
In plasma cell disorders, one clone of plasma cells repeatedly multiply, which can’t be controlled. As a result, these clone creates a vast amount of a single antibody (monoclonal antibody) which is known as the M-protein. In some cases (such as with monoclonal gammopathies), the antibody produced remains incomplete, consisting of only light chains or heavy chains (fully functional antibodies usually comprised of two pairs of two different chains called a light chain and heavy chain). The abnormal plasma cells and the antibodies which they produce are limited to one type, and levels of other kinds of antibodies that help in the fight against infections start falling.
People with plasma cell disorders are often at higher risk of infections than others. So, from this discussion, we can say that plasma cell disorder affects the immune system.
Answer:
An 81-year-old male who has a productive cough, dyspnea and hypoxia
Explanation:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the obstruction of airflow through the lungs usually caused by cigarette smoke or other harmful compounds. The disease appears after a persistent bronchitis or pulmonary emphysema. It causes a permanent state of inflammation in the lungs and it destroys the alveoli (structures that promote gas exchange in the organ).
The condition is dangerous because, in addition to the potential to stop breathing once and for all, it decreases the circulation of oxygen in the blood and triggers inflammatory substances throughout the body. The risk of heart attack and stroke get even higher. Patients may also suffer from muscle weakness, impaired thinking, and even more depression. Despite of being frequently associated with smoking, about one third of those with COPD never smoked.
The symptons usually are: productive cough
, throat clearing
, shortness of breath and fatigue and excessive phlegm. Dyspnea is progressive, persistent, stress-related or worsening in the presence of respiratory infection eventually arises at the time the patient.
