Answer:
A flat sheet of connective tissue that extends beyond the muscle fibers to attach the muscle to bone is a TENDON.
Explanation:
Tendon can be described as a fibrous connective tissue which functions mainly to attach muscles to bones hence, playing a major role in the movement of the bone or structure. Tendons also function to connect muscles to other structures like the eye ball.
Contrary to the tendons, ligaments are also fibrous connective tissues which are involved in the attachment of bone to bone. Hence, ligaments play major role in holding the structures and keeping them stable.
Answer:
The correct insulin pathway is described as under:
2. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor
8. Activation of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
3. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins
6. Phosphorylation of phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)
4. Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3
7. Activation of PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1)
5. Glut4 receptors transported to the cell membrane
Explanation:
The insulin signaling pathway is described as under:
RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) which is a receptor for insulin is an extracellular receptor but in contrast to other cell surface receptors it is catalytic in nature. In the absence of insulin (ligand), it is monomeric but as soon as it gets activated (activation occurs upon ligand binding), it undergo dimerization. It leads to auto-phosphorylation in it's tyrosine residue which subsequently leads to phosphorylation of tyrosine residue of other receptors. Such hyper-phosphorylated receptor have high affinity with enzyme/molecule like IRS protein which have SH2 domain . IRS down stream activates phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K). This enzyme converts component of animal cell membrane PIP2 into PIP3. PIP3 also remains membrane bound but it has the potential to phosphorylate another enzyme named as PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1). Further, PDK1 leads to the activation of Akt or PK-B. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase which ultimately leads to the recruitment of Glut4 receptors on cell membrane for uptake of more and more glucose into the cell.
Note: Apart from this Akt also phosphorylates another protein named as FOXO which ultimately causes cell growth, Akt can also phosphorylate BAD protein so as to restrict cell apoptosis or we can say it leads to cell survival, Akt also leads to translation in a cell with the help of mTOR raptor etc.
When ATP loses a phosphate, energy is released and ADP is formed
I believe it would be a fossil of a reptile but I'm not a 100% sure about it.
Answer:
Option D, Zero out of four (0%)
Explanation:
As we know, achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant pattern. Now a girl having normal stature mate with a partner who also has a normal stature.
Thus let us assume -
Allele for disproportionately short arms and legs be represented by "A"
while allele for normal stature be represented by "a"
Now genotype of parents would be
Female - aa
Male - aa
Thus,
aa x aa
aa, aa, aa, aa
Thus, option D is correct.
