Explanation:
Relation between length of a curve and angle is as follows.
l = 
where, R = radius of curve
= angle in radians
Also, l = 
.......... (1)
If curve has a degree of curvature 
for standard length s, then
R = 
........... (2)
Now, substitute the value of R from equation (2) into equation (1) as follows.
l = 
If s = 30 m, then calculate the value of l as follows.
l =
= 
= 452 m
thus, we can conclude that the length of the curve is 452 m.
You want to divide by avagadros number (6.22 x 10^23). This will cancel the atoms unit and give moles, moles of Iridium. Now you want to calculate the atomic mass of Iridium which is in units of grams per mole. Multiply these two numbers and the moles will cancel giving you grams.
Setting up a dimension analysis type of thing helps tremendously. See what you have to cancel in order to get what you want. We canceled the atoms, then we canceled the moles, and then we got grams.
CaCO₃ partially dissociates in water as Ca²⁺ and CO₃²⁻. The balanced equation is,
CaCO₃(s) ⇄ Ca²⁺(aq) + CO₃²⁻(aq)
Initial Y - -
Change -X +X +X
Equilibrium Y-X X X
Ksp for the CaCO₃(s) is 3.36 x 10⁻⁹ M²
Ksp = [Ca²⁺(aq)][CO₃²⁻(aq)]
3.36 x 10⁻⁹ M² = X * X
3.36 x 10⁻⁹ M² = X²
X = 5.79 x 10⁻⁵ M
Hence the solubility of CaCO₃(s) = 5.79 x 10⁻⁵ M
= 5.79 x 10⁻⁵ mol/L
Molar mass of CaCO₃ = 100 g mol⁻¹
Hence the solubility of CaCO₃ = 5.79 x 10⁻⁵ mol/L x 100 g mol⁻¹
= 5.79 x 10⁻³ g/L
<span>The reason it will be 7 for some titrations is that when you titrates a strong acid with a strong base for example HCl and NaOH the salt formed is conjugate base of strong acid and will be a very weak base
That means that it cannot produce any OH^-1 and all the H+ has been converted to water.The only source of H+ or OH is water with a Ka of 10^-14 so the pH = -log [H+]=-log 10^-7 = 7
second reason is
When you titrates a weak acid with strong base at equivalence point
only a water solution of the conjugate base exists
CH3COOH + NaOH ----- Na+ CH3COO^-1 + H2O
Since the conjugate base is the conjugate base of a weak acid it will hydrolyze in water like so
for instance Na+ CH3COO^-1 + HCl---- CH3COOH + NaCl the equivalence point will be way BELOW 7 and in the case of above will be less than 5. So pH of 7 at equivalence point is only reached in strong acid strong base titrations.
hope this helps</span>
