The answer is c. Anaphase I separates homologous chromosomes and anaphase II separates sister chromatids into daughter cells.
Meiosis is a cell division which results in the reduction of chromosome number by half (from diploid to haploid) in daughter cells. It consists of meiosis I and meiosis II.
In anaphase I, the sister chromatids separate from each other to the opposite sides of the cells. In meiosis I there are 46 chromosomes in duplicates which are present as pairs of sister chromatids. When comes to separation, homologous chromosomes separates only, but not sister chromatids. Homologous chromosomes are present only in meiosis I.
In anaphase II, since the cell is haploid, there are 23 chromosomes in duplicates, which are present as sister chromatids. So, in this phase, sister chromatids are those who separates.
When plates divide or separate it creates a divergent boundary.
Answer:
Neurons, as with other excitable cells in the body, have two major physiological properties: irritability and conductivity. A neuron has a positive charge on the outer surface of the cell membrane due in part to the action of an active transport system called the sodium potassium pump. This system moves sodium (Na+) out of the cell and potassium (K+) into the cell. The inside of the cell membrane is negative, not only due to the active transport system but also because of intracellular proteins, which remain negative due to the intracellular pH and keep the inside of the cell membrane negative.
Explanation:
Neurons are cells with the capacity to transmit information between one another and also with other tissues in the body. This information is transmitted thanks to the release of substances called <em>neurotransmitters</em>, and this transmission is possible due to the <em>electrical properties </em>of the neurons.
For the neurons (and other excitable cells, such as cardiac muscle cells) to be capable of conducting the changes in their membranes' voltages, they need to have a<em> resting membrane potential</em>, which consists of a specific voltage that is given because of the electrical nature of both the inside and the outside of the cell. <u>The inside of the cell is negatively charged, while the outside is positively charged</u> - this is what generates the resting membrane potential. When the membrane voltage changes because the inside of the cell is becoming less negative, the neuron is being excited and - if this excitation reaches a threshold - an action potential will be fired. But how does the voltage changes? This happens because the distribution of ions in the intracellular and extracellular fluids is very dissimilar and when the sodium channels in the cell membrane are opened (because of an external stimulus), sodium enters the cell rapidly to balance out the difference in this ion concentration. The sudden influx of this positively-charged ion is what makes the inside of the neuron become less negative. This event is called <em>depolarization of the membrane</em>.
Vascular tissue composed of xylem<span> (red) and </span>phloem<span> tissue (green, between the</span>xylem<span> and </span>cortex<span>) surrounds the pith. Collenchyma cells are elongated cells with unevenly-thickened walls . They provide structural support, mainly to the stem and leaves.</span>
Answer:
The ability of body systems to increase their function, given the need to adapt, is known as the <u>physiologic reserve.</u>
Explanation:
The ability of body systems to increase their function if the need to adapt arises is known as a physiological reserve. Frequently, this term is used to refer to the operating limits of a particular physiological system when under stress. When this stress exceeds the ability of a particular organ or system to compensate for it, organ failure occurs. Adaptation achieves its highest efficiency when changes are generated gradually/progressively rather than abruptly. In aging, this reserve is diminished and therefore the ability of the organs to adapt to stress is lower, that is, the ability to adapt is reduced in extreme ages.
