Answer: Option (b) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
A spontaneous reaction is defined as the process which tends to occur on its own. It does not require any external factor or force in order to start itself.
For example, when we dissolve KCl in water then potassium chloride being ionic in nature will dissolve on its own. Hence, it will be a spontaneous process.
And, a non-spontaneous reaction is defined as a process for the completion of which we have to provide certain conditions.
Thus, we can conclude that the statement it does not require any external action to begin, is true about a spontaneous process.
Answer:

Explanation:
Since we are given the mass, specific heat, and temperature, we should use the following formula for heat energy.

The mass of the aluminum is 26.3 grams. Its specific heat is 0.930 Joules per gram degree Celsius. We need to find the change in temperature.
- The change in temperature is the difference between the initial temperature to the final temperature.
- The temperature changes <em>from</em> 23.0°C <em>to</em> 67.0°C, so the initial is 23 degrees and the final is 67 degrees.
- ΔT= final temperature - initial temperature
- ΔT= 67°C - 23°C
- ΔT= 44°C
Now we know all the values.
- m= 26.3 g
- c= 0.930 J/g °C
- ΔT= 44°C
Substitute the values into the formula.

Multiply the first two numbers together. The units of grams cancel.

Multiply again. This time, the units of degrees Celsius cancel.

<u>1076.196 Joules</u> of heat will be absorbed by the piece of aluminum.
Answer:

Explanation:
From the question we are told that:
pKa for Acetic Acid 
Therefore
For Equal Concentration of acetic acid and acetatic ion

Generally the Henderson's equation for pH value is mathematically given by



