Mutualism is when both sides benefit. The hummingbird gets nectar and the flower is benefited because the hummingbird that has been to other flowers carry pollen on its body which spread the flower when it sucks its nectar, therefore pollinating the flower in the process.
Forest soils because forests cover most of the land but not as much as the ocean
Chemical (mutagens)
usually either mimic the structure of nucleotides and are inserted in DNA or either cause
chemical changes (such as alkylation) in nucleotides hence causing mismatching during replication.
Radiation, on the other hand, (due to its high energy) causes double-strand breaks in DNA causing an
increased likelihood of mutations during the repair of the DNA by cell
mechanisms.
depends on 42
subjecting an experimental group of plants to an atmosphere with a higher oxygen concentration
subjecting an experimental group of plants to an atmosphere with a higher carbon dioxide concentration
subjecting an experimental group of plants to a special soil that has been enriched with a new fertilizer
subjecting an experimental group of plants to air that gaseous nitrogen has been added to
