Answer:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating and an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by immune-mediated myelin and axonal damage, and chronic axonal loss attributable to the absence of myelin sheaths. T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, CD8+, NKT, CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells) and B cells are involved in this disorder, thus new MS therapies seek damage prevention by resetting multiple components of the immune system. The currently approved therapies are immunoregulatory and reduce the number and rate of lesion formation but are only partially effective. This review summarizes current understanding of the processes at issue: myelination, demyelination and remyelination—with emphasis upon myelin composition/architecture and oligodendrocyte maturation and differentiation. The translational options target oligodendrocyte protection and myelin repair in animal models and assess their relevance in human. Remyelination may be enhanced by signals that promote myelin formation and repair. The crucial question of why remyelination fails is approached is several ways by examining the role in remyelination of available MS medications and avenues being actively pursued to promote remyelination including: (i) cytokine-based immune-intervention (targeting calpain inhibition), (ii) antigen-based immunomodulation (targeting glycolipid-reactive iNKT cells and sphingoid mediated inflammation) and (iii) recombinant monoclonal antibodies-induced remyelination.Keywords: calpain, central nervous system, demyelination, fingolimod, glycolipids, lipids, multiple sclerosis, myelin, myelination, NKT cells, oligodendrocytes, remyelination, T cells
Explanation:
The answer should be atria. (singlular: atrium)
Since there's 4 heart chambers in human heart, there is the left atrium and the right atrium.
The common function of atria is to receive blood transported from the veins. Which will then be pumped into arteries after leaving the atrium and the ventricle, which is the lower chamber of heart. The right atrium receives blood from the vena cava, which is transported from all the body parts, except lungs, while the left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins, which transport blood from the lungs.
Below the atria, there's also valves. When they're open, they allow blood to leave the atria, and towards the ventricle. They tend to open when the blood has too much weight which will push them open.
Usually, atria is smaller than ventricle, as they're not the location for the muscles to pump the blood away from the heart.
Answer:
Once an action plan is in place, it should not be changed.- False
