Answer:
Since high ethanol is a major stress during ethanol fermentation, ethanol-tolerant yeast strains are highly desirable for ethanol production on an industrial scale. A technology called global transcriptional machinery engineering (gTME), which exploits a mutant SPT15 library that encodes the TATA-binding protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Alper et al., 2006; Science 314: 1565-1568), appears to be a powerful tool. to create ethanol tolerant strains. However, the ability of the strains created to tolerate high ethanol content in rich media remains to be demonstrated. In this study, a similar strategy was used to obtain five strains with higher ethanol tolerance (ETS1-5) of S. cerevisiae. When comparing the global transcriptional profiles of two selected strains ETS2 and ETS3 with that of the control, 42 genes that were commonly regulated with a double change were identified. Of the 34 deletion mutants available in an inactivated gene library, 18 were sensitive to ethanol, suggesting that these genes were closely associated with tolerance to ethanol.
Explanation:
Eight of them were novel and most were functionally unknown. To establish a basis for future industrial applications, the iETS2 and iETS3 strains were created by integrating the SPT15 mutant alleles of ETS2 and ETS3 into the chromosomes, which also exhibited increased tolerance to ethanol and survival after ethanol shock in a rich medium. Fermentation with 20% glucose for 24 h in a bioreactor revealed that iETS2 and iETS3 grew better and produced approximately 25% more ethanol than a control strain. The performance and productivity of ethanol also improved substantially: 0.31 g / g and 2.6 g / L / h, respectively, for the control and 0.39 g / g and 3.2 g / L / h, respectively, for iETS2 and iETS3.
Therefore, our study demonstrates the utility of gTME in generating strains with increased tolerance to ethanol that resulted in increased ethanol production. Strains with increased tolerance to other stresses such as heat, fermentation inhibitors, osmotic pressure, etc., can be further created using gTME.
Answer:
The similarities in the way barchan and hooked spit forms are:
First, they are formed from sediment or sand movement.
Second, this movement makes them have a peculiar curved form that provides them their major characteristic.
Explanation:
First of all, barchans are sand formations that are created after the accumulation of sand in a place is moved by the wind and provides them a curved form. However, they exist only out of the sea.
Second, hooked spits are formations that happen after sea movement displaces the sediment to create a curved structure that can only exist in the sea. These formations affect the strength and direction of the waves in the sea due to their curved form.
Infrared rays are felt <span>as heat is transferred between Earth and the atmosphere</span>
The answer would be <span>photosynthesize. Only plant cells use the process of photosynthesis to create ATP.</span>
Answer: Option A.
Pure solvent diffused through a membrane but solutes do not.
Explanation:
Osmosis is process where solvents or molecules move from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane which tend to balance the concentration of solutes. Osmosis is passive transport i.e it does not require energy for movement.
