First, effortful processing is encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. This would be something like studying where you store facts in your mind for use later. Automatic processing on the other hand, is unconscious encoding of incidental information and of well-learned information. For example, I know what someone means immediately if they say it's noon. As for chunking, it is organizing items into familiar, manageable units. One perfect example would be my phone number. There are many different numbers, but its easier to manage when some are grouped together. Then there are mnemonics which are memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. For example, I use the first letter technique (PEMDAS) to help me when solving math problems. Spaced or distributed practice is studying or processing with breaks to help understand concepts. For example, when I study, I take a five minute break every 20 minutes to help my brain cool down and be ready to learn more. Now, deep processing involves elaboration rehearsal which involves a more meaningful analysis. For example, giving meaning to different words or images and making them relatable.
Some cells function best at a pH of 5, while others are better at pH 7. ... control what crossed their membranes, either no molecules would make it across, ... Various types of cell transport are summarized in the concept map in ... Figure 5.7.5 demonstrates the specific outcomes of osmosis in red ...
One of the oldest arguments in the history of psychology is the Nature vs Nurture debate. Each of these sides have good points that it's really hard to decide whether a person's development is predisposed in his DNA, or a majority of it is influenced by this life experiences and his environment.
