Answer:
4. The A allele is dominant to the a allele.
Explanation:
In genetics, the dominant allele which is expressed when present in single or two copies is always written with an upper case letter. The corresponding allele whose expression is prevented in the presence of the dominant allele is written in the "lower case letter". This is called recessive allele. In the given genotype, one copy of "A" and one copy of "a" is present. This means that the allele written with upper case letter "A" is dominant over the allele "a". Nothing can be said about the genetic trait regulated by these two alleles of a gene.
B. identical body cells
hope it is helpful to you
Absence of oxygen means anaerobic respiration ; which has 2 different pathways.
First Pathway ; Alcoholic fermentation which takes place in yeast.
Pyruvate is decarboxylated into ethanal releasing co2 as waste product.
Ethanal is toxic , so its reduced by help of NADH to ethanol in presence of alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme , and Free NAD is released to continue glycolysis.
2) The second pathway is Lactic fermentation which takes place in mammalian muscles.
Pyruvate accepts hydrogen and is converted to lactate by the help of enzyme lactate dehydrogenase , again free NAD is released to continue glycolysis.
Hope I made it clear enough :)
The four postulates of the natural selection include.
1. individuals possessing particular traits are have higher likelihood of surviving and reproducing.
2. different individuals in a population have different traits
3.reproductive and survival rate vary with individuals in a given population.
4. some trait differences are inheritable.
